Transformation from Permian to Quaternary bauxite in southwestern South China Block driven by superimposed orogeny: A case study from Sanhe ore deposit

Permian karstic bauxite and its Quaternary derivative, in western Guangxi, southwestern, South China Block, possess a total tonnage greater than 0.5 billion tons. The primary late Permian karstic bauxite formed in reduced environment in the background of Tethyan accretionary orogenesis. And as one consequence of Cenozoic convergence of the Indian and Eurasia continents, the primary orebody was uplifted, eroded and re-sedimented within Quaternary laterite. The geochemical variation and its controls during the ore transformation from Permian to Quaternary remain poorly understood. Quaternary ore blocks comprise an inner zone of fresh ore, and then it gradually transited through a middle zone to a margin with extensive weathering. One such bauxite block was selected and further subdivided into twenty-three samples for geochemical and mineralogical analysis. The inner and middle zones contain similar mineralogical compositions, dominated by diaspore and amesite, with minor illite, anatase, goethite, pyrite, zircon, and rutile. The margin is composed of diaspore, with small amounts of amesite, boehmite, illite, goethite, anatase, kaolinite, zircon, rutile, and barite. Bauxite in all three zones is composed of mainly Al, Si, Fe, and Ti, and high contents of Zr, Cr, Li, F, S, Zn, V, Sr, Nb, Ba, and REE. Variations in Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ between the three zones were observed. The elements Si, Al, Fe²⁺, Mg, Ba, Cr, F, Li, Ni, Zn, and REE decrease from the core of the ore block outwards, corresponding to an increase in S and Fe³⁺. Depletions in Si, Al, Fe²⁺, Mg, Ba, and Cr were caused by the dissolution of amesite. Most of the Al and Si in amesite were lost during the weathering, and minor retained to form kaolinite. Depletions in Li, Ni, and Zn resulted from changes in the depositional environment between the late Permian and Quaternary. Dissolution of REE-bearing fluorocarbonates resulted in depletions of REE and F. The enrichment of Fe³⁺ and S was related to the precipitation of goethite, hematite, and barite in an oxidizing environment, while local enrichment of Ce resulted from the redox change of Ce³⁺ → Ce⁴⁺ under the same condition. This shows that the chemical composition of laterite enwrapping the bauxite also took part in Quaternary bauxite transformation. This study shows that the elements migrations during bauxite transformation were influenced by multiple independent factors except for the elemental attributes.     

Migrations de charnières et vecteurs de déplacements sur des modèles analogiques de plis superposés

Résumé

La modélisation analogique d’une superposition de plissements dans une série sédimentaire stratifiée, représentée ici par un multicouche de paraffine et graisse, fait apparaître le rôle déterminant de la géométrie des plis initiaux. Les plis ouverts peuvent évoluer sous l’effet de la seconde compression :

- Si les directions des axes de ces plis sont parallèles à la seconde compression, on verra apparaître des plis superposés.

- Si les directions des axes sont obliques à celle-ci, on observera la réutilisation des plis qui seront alors réorientés grâce à la migration de leur charnière. En fin de déformation la ou les familles de plis présentes dans le modèle ne sont perpendiculaires ni à la première ni à la seconde direction de compression.     

环工作面三维直流电阻率法研究及应用

本文在矿井直流电法理论基础上,推导环工作面三维直流电法测量深度公式,得到环工作面三维直流电法记录点坐标位置.基于以上理论,建立了环工作面三维直流电法异常体模型,分析了环工作面三维直流电法二极装置、三极装置、四极装置异常体响应特征,得出环工作面三维直流电法各装置敏感度低的主要原因是缺少必要的数据采集点.为了提高环工作面三维直流电法分辨率,最大限度增加工作面内侧的采集数据点.基于以上原因本文提出了对角偶极装置采集模式及多装置的数据叠加反演处理方法,以增加工作面内采集数据点,提高三维勘探的精度.本文通过某矿8802工作面底板富水性探查实例,说明该方法的有效性.     

尺度叠加高斯相关模型在GRAPES-RAFS中的应用

背景误差水平相关模型影响着分析增量的结构,同时也决定着不同尺度上分析增量信息的多少.为了提高中小尺度系统的分析质量,研究尺度叠加高斯相关模型的特征及其在三维变分同化系统中的应用效果.通过分析高斯模型和尺度叠加高斯模型的空间特征,以及它们的拉普拉斯算子和谱响应函数的特征,同时依据统计的背景误差特征来改进背景误差水平相关模...     

The crystal chemistry of birefringent natural uvarovites. Part III. Application of the superposition model of crystal fields with a characterization of synthetic cubic uvarovite

Synthetic, flux-grown uvarovite, Ca₃Cr₂ [SiO₄]₃, was investigated by optical methods, electron microprobe analysis, UV-VIS-IR microspectrometry, and luminescence spectroscopy. The crystal structure was refined using single-crystal X-ray CCD diffraction data. Synthetic uvarovite is optically isotropic and crystallizes in the “usual” cubic garnet space group Ia3¯d [a=11.9973 Å, Z=8; 21524 reflections, R1=2.31% for 454 unique data and 18 variables; Cr–O=1.9942(6), Si–O=1.6447(6), Ca–O_a=2.3504(6), Ca–O_b= 2.4971(6) Å]. The structure of Ca₃Cr₂[SiO₄]₃ complies with crystal-chemical expectations for ugrandite group garnets in general as well as with predictions drawn from “cubically averaged” data of non-cubic uvarovite–grossular solid solutions (Wildner and Andrut 2001). The electronic absorption spectra of Cr³⁺ in trigonally distorted octahedra of synthetic uvarovite were analyzed in terms of the superposition model (SM) of crystal fields. The resulting SM and interelectronic repulsion parameters are =9532 cm^?1, =4650 cm^?1, power law exponent t ₄=6.7, Racah B₃₅=703 cm^?1 at 290 K (reference distance R ₀=1.995 Å; fixed power law exponent t ₂=3 and spin-orbit parameter ζ=135 cm^?1). The interelectronic repulsion parameters Racah B ₅₅=714 cm^?1 and C=3165 cm^?1 were extracted from spin-forbidden transitions. This set of SM parameters was subsequently applied to previously well-characterized natural uvarovite–grossular solid solutions (Andrut and Wildner 2001a; Wildner and Andrut 2001) using their extrapolated Cr–O bond lengths to calculate the energies of the spin-allowed bands. These results are in very good agreement with the experimentally determined band positions and indicate the applicability of the superposition model to natural 3d ^N prevailing systems in geosciences. Single-crystal IR absorption spectra of synthetic uvarovite in the region of the OH-stretching vibration exhibit one isotropic absorption band at 3508 cm^?1 at ambient conditions, which shifts to 3510 cm^?1 at 77 K. This band is caused by structurally incorporated hydroxyl groups via the (O₄H₄)-hydrogarnet substitution. The water content, calculated using an integral extinction coefficient ?=60417 cm^?2 l mol^?1, is c _H2O=33 ppm.     

基于Aster和Landsat8数据在青海赛什腾地区蚀变信息提取研究

青海赛什腾地区位于无人区,穿越条件极差,传统地质找矿勘探工作难以开展,因其植被稀少,有利于多光谱遥感数据提取矿化蚀变信息.本文以Landsat8和Aster数据为数据源,利用成像光谱法和主成分分析法对赛什腾地区进行矿化蚀变信息的提取,成像光谱法包括最小噪声变换(MNF),像元纯净指数(PPI),n维可视化端元识别(n-...     

复合成矿与构造转换——以长江中下游成矿带为例

复合成因矿床分布广泛,把它们单独划分出来进行研究,对于深入认识成矿过程、发展成矿理论和指导找矿勘探,均有重要意义.鉴于中国大陆东部中生代岩浆作用强烈,对前期成矿作用的影响也很明显,因此本文以长江中下游成矿带为例,评介了复合成矿作用的几种主要机理,认同前人提出的叠加和改造是其基本类型,但预富集作用也应重视,同时也不能忽视继承成矿和再生成矿,特别是继承和预富集联合多次出现时,可以形成区域性成矿元素大规模富集.同时,本文还将它们放在区域构造体制和机制转化演化过程中加以考察,进一步明确它们在中生代构造体制转换以前主要以沉积(含热水沉积)成因的含矿建造、矿源层或矿(胚)层产出,而矿床的最终形成与就位则主要与新构造体制下由挤压向引张转化的过渡环境中构造-岩浆活动有关,呈现出“成矿大爆发”的现象.其中早期( 145～136Ma)构造机制是以走滑挤压作用为主,形成与高钾钙碱性岩系有关的铜金矿化.晚期(135 ～ 127Ma)以走滑引张作用为主,形成了与橄榄安粗岩系有关的铁硫矿化.但这两期都有广泛发育的以叠加改造为主的复合成因铜、金、铁、硫及铅锌矿床,从而在典型的岩浆热液矿床和沉积矿床之间形成了一套过渡性矿床序列(层控矽卡岩型→沉积热液叠加型→层控叠改型→迁移式改造型→原地式改造型),构建了一个矿床“家族”.末期( 126 ～ 123Ma)以引张作用为主,出现碱性火山岩和A型花岗岩类,伴随铁、金、钼、铀等矿化,成矿带的成矿活动随之进入尾声.     

“81.8”持续暴雨期中-α尺度低涡发展的涡度变率及其热源

1981年8月14日至22日(“81.8”)发生在陕、甘、川毗邻区的一次持续暴雨过程,与伴有切变线的低涡持续发展直接关联。涡度变率诊断揭示,涡度正变率中心初生于青藏高原东侧低空,其后出现了高、低空涡度正变率中心的迭加和耦合以及在垂直方向的贯通过程。涡度正变率中心的这种垂直结构及其演变,与切变线低涡生成和发展的正涡度中心垂直结构及其演变基本一致。在贡献于涡度变率的因子中,非线性相互作用涡度变率的相对数值最大;由于地形强迫的时间平均涡度变率只对切变线低涡的生成和维持是重要的;扰动涡度变率在切变线低涡强烈发展时才有值得注意的贡献。中尺度热量和水汽收支诊断揭示,视热源Q_1和水汽汇Q_2垂直积分的高值区同切变线低涡发展区及暴雨区大体一致;Q_1和Q_2的时空平均垂直廓线表明,Q_1的最大加热区间在570至400 hPa,而Q_2的最大区间在650至550 hPa;由于感热和潜热对流涡动通量辐合的加热,约等于凝结释放潜热量的一半。     

基于Aster和Landsat8数据在青海赛什腾地区蚀变信息提取研究

青海赛什腾地区位于无人区,穿越条件极差,传统地质找矿勘探工作难以开展,因其植被稀少,有利于多光谱遥感数据提取矿化蚀变信息。本文以Landsat8和Aster数据为数据源,利用成像光谱法以及主成分分析法对赛什腾地区进行矿化蚀变信息的提取,成像光谱法包括最小噪声变换（MNF）,像元纯净指数（PPI）,N维可视化端元识别（N-Dimensional Visualization）以及光谱角匹配（SAM）,最终获得了赛什腾地区矿物信息分布图。利用主成分分析法对Landsat8和Aster数据分别提取黄铁矿、褐铁矿等铁染蚀变矿物和绢云母等羟基蚀变矿物,通过对Aster和Landsat8两种数据提取的蚀变信息进行空间叠加分析,定量地分析对比两种数据的蚀变信息提取效果,具有提高提取蚀变信息准确性的优势。通过样品实测光谱及镜下鉴定特征验证了研究区铁染以及羟基蚀变存在的真实性,并将矿化蚀变信息分布图与野外调查已知矿（化）点坐标进行叠加验证,结果显示矿（化）点坐标基本落在提取的矿化蚀变范围内,说明基于这两种遥感数据的处理方法以及提取结果是可靠的,为圈定找矿靶区以及扩大找矿范围提供了重要的指导意义。