Interdecadal Variability of East Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation over 220 Years （1777-1997）

In this study, long-term (1777–1997) precipitation data for Seoul, Korea, wetness indices from eastern China, and modern observations are used to identify the interdecadal variability in East Asian summer monsoon precipitation over the last 220 years. In the East Asian monsoon region, two long-term timescales of dry–wet transitions for the interdecadal variability and quasi-40-and quasi-60-year timescales are dominant in the 220-year precipitation data of Seoul, as well as in the wetness indices over China....     

El Niño and decadal effects on sea‐level variability in northern New Zealand: A wavelet analysis

Sea‐level data from two sites in northern New Zealand, along with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), are analysed for interannual and decadal variability using wavelets. The analysis shows, using statistically significant wavelet power, there is a significant relationship between mean sea level (MSL) and SOI. However, the relationship is highly variable, both in magnitude and in the range of time‐scales over which it occurs. This non‐stationarity necessitates the use of techniques such as wavelets for analysis. An interdecadal response in MSL around northern New Zealand has been isolated, with shifts occurring in 1950 and the late 1970s. This behaviour in MSL appears to coincide with shifts in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, thought previously to be largely centred in the North Pacific. A strong correlation between SOI and sea surface temperature (SST) is also demonstrated. This relationship appears to be stable in magnitude (a large change in SOI produces a large change in SST) and to occur over the same range of time‐scales. More SST and MSL data are required for other parts of New Zealand to determine whether these findings apply elsewhere.     

INTERDECADAL TRANSITIONS AND TWO EXCEPTIONAL YEARS OF JUNE PRECIPITATION OVER SOUTH CHINA

An analysis of high-resolution precipitation data for 1978-2006 indicates that the precipitation over southern China in June experienced a low-value period in 1980-1989 and a high-value period in 1992-2001.It also reveals that exceptional heavy(light) precipitation occurred in June 2005(2004) since 1951.For these variations on both interdecadal and interannual timescales,fairly uniform anomalies of precipitation appeared over Vietnam,southern China,and southeastern China.Corresponding to positive(negative) precipitation anomalies,anomalous southeasterly(northwesterly) flow at 850 hPa reached Vietnam and anomalous southwesterly(northeasterly) flow expanded to the coastal regions of southern and southeastern China.Precedent to the positive(negative) precipitation anomalies during 1992-2001(1980-1989),positive(negative) anomalies of sea surface temperature appeared over the extratropical northwestern Pacific in the winter and spring seasons,associated with a strong(weak) extension of the warm Kuroshio Current that affects the coastal region of eastern China.The above-normal precipitation in June 2005 was associated with the pseudo-ENSO event in the previous winter,and the below-normal precipitation in June 2004 was associated with negative anomalies of sea surface temperature over the equatorial central Pacific and positive anomalies over the equatorial western and eastern Pacific.     

古气候演化特征、驱动与反馈及对现代气候变化研究的启示意义

古气候与现代气候变化研究如何有效结合,特别是古气候研究如何为理解现代气候变化过程提供背景条件、边界约束和理论框架,值得深入探讨。文章以现代、历史时期、全新世、晚第四纪和新生代为时间基线,回顾阐述了过去气候演变特征、成因机制及其对现代气候变化研究的启示意义,探讨了过去与现代气候变化融合研究中存在的不确定性。过去气候演化过程的研究,加深了人们对地球气候系统运行机制的理解。研究表明,各个时期中,地球气候经历了不同相位、幅度和速率的变化,气候系统各分量之间发生了复杂的相互作用,以地表温度为代表的地球表面热力环境演化是各不同阶段气候变化的基本表现形式。全球温度变化不仅受到太阳输出辐射、地球轨道参数和地球构造运动等的影响,而且与地球表层水圈中的海洋、冰冻圈中的大陆冰盖、生物圈中的海洋浮游生物和陆地植被,以及大气圈中的温室气体、粉尘气溶胶、水汽和云等活跃组分之间,存在着多尺度复杂反馈作用。在同一时间尺度上,气候系统分量的互馈通路可能是同向的、可比的,各分量之间的对应关系或具有一致性,研究结论对于预估未来气候变化有借鉴意义;但在不同时间尺度上,气候系统各分量之间的相互联系机制可能难有一致性和可比性,古今互鉴,就需要慎重。

     

南、北半球环状模月内活动的主要时间尺度

基于“大气环状活动带” 的概念, 利用逐日再分析资料对南、 北半球环状模 (简称SAM、 NAM) 的季节活动特征及月内活动的主要时间尺度 (Submonthly timescales) 进行了研究, 结果表明, NAM具有冬季强、 夏季弱的年循环特征, 而SAM则表现出明显的准半年循环特征。并且, 逐年的功率谱分析进一步显示: NAM的月内活动的主要时间尺度以准1周和准2周为主, 且它们具有共生性, 准3周为相对次要的周期; 而SAM的月内活动周期与NAM相似, 准2周和准1周较强, 准3周次之。NAM和SAM的月内活动在不同特征时间尺度上的空间特征及其时间演变值得进一步研究。     

应用河流阶地10Be深度剖面计算千年至十万年尺度流域平均古侵蚀速率

古侵蚀速率的时空变化规律是研究构造-气候-地表侵蚀之间耦合关系的重要线索。已有的研究多侧重于百万年(10⁶)或百年(10²)尺度上的侵蚀速率限定, 但对千年至十万年(10³~10⁵)尺度上的侵蚀速率限定较少。河流阶地的发育能够延续千年至十万年, 其沉积记录保留了大量流域侵蚀信号, 为建立该时间尺度上的流域古侵蚀速率记录提供了理想的数据支撑。本研究介绍了一种千年至十万年尺度上的流域平均古侵蚀速率计算方法。基于河流阶地¹⁰Be深度剖面, 约束阶地表面沉积物的¹⁰Be继承浓度和阶地面废弃年龄, 进而计算出多期阶地发育期间的流域平均古侵蚀速率。随后, 以青藏高原东北缘北祁连西段为例, 基于山前6条河流(自西向东分别为石油河、白杨河、北大河、洪水坝河、丰乐河和马营河)已发表的16个阶地¹⁰Be深度剖面数据(共81个¹⁰Be样品)和7个现代河道沉积物的¹⁰Be浓度数据, 建立了北祁连西段约200 ka以来的流域平均侵蚀速率记录(共23个侵蚀速率值)。结果表明, 北祁连西段千年至十万年尺度上的流域平均古侵蚀速率变化趋势与气候波动曲线之间存在较强的对应性, 揭示了气候变化是引起流域地表侵蚀的关键因素。上述实例证明, 应用河流阶地¹⁰Be深度剖面可有效地计算千年至十万年尺度上的流域平均古侵蚀速率, 并有助于深入剖析构造、气候和地表侵蚀过程三者之间的潜在关系, 进而推动活动造山带地区定量地貌学研究的发展。

     

末次间冰期以来对宁黄土剖面的热释光测年

利用细颗粒热释光技术对陇西黄土高原会宁黄土剖面末次间冰期以来黄土、古土壤的8个样品进行了年龄测定,并在此基础上分别利用线性内插和多项式回归方法建立了会宁剖面深度-年代时间模式,以2种模式计算的S0/L1、L1/S1、S1/L2界线年龄与SPECMAP深海氧同位素1/2、4/5、5/6阶段的界线年龄可较好对比,这为末次间冰期以来会宁地区古气候演化的深入研究提供了基本时间框架。     

月内尺度北半球环状模水平和垂直活动特征分析

采用李建平等定义的更好表征北半球环状模变化的指数,利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,从对流层的角度分析了北半球环状模在月内时间尺度上的相关环流的垂直和水平传播特征.结果表明,在水平方向上,温度异常在对流层,尤其是近地层,表现为由极区和高纬度地区向中低纬度地区强的南传特征,而在平流层则为由中低纬度地区向高纬度地区弱的...     

Equilibration Scales in Silicic to Intermediate Magmas Implications for Experimental Studies

Experimental phase equilibrium studies are increasingly beingused for the determination of intensive variables (P, T, fH₂O,fO₂ ) in silicic to intermediate magmas. In contrast, silicicigneous bodies are now perceived as open, periodically recharged,systems involving only limited chemical equilibration. Thus,the use of laboratory-determined crystal–liquid equilibriumdata needs clarification. Here we review the field, petrologicaland geochemical evidence concerning states and scales of chemicalequilibrium in silicic magma bodies. It is concluded that totalchemical equilibrium is generally not the rule. However, a subsystemin local equilibrium (the reactive magma) can be identified.Equilibration scales in silicic magmas are rate-limited eitherby diffusive flux in crystals (DICL regime) or by diffusiveflux in the melt (MD regime). The recognition that equilibriumin magmas is limited to a reactive subsystem requires phaseequilibrium studies to be chemically scaled. Experiments, eitherof total or partial equilibrium type, should aim at a closereproduction of equilibrium states specific to natural systems.The laboratory reconstruction of the natural equilibrium statesguarantees a precise determination of the pre-eruptive parametersand a reliable application of the experimental data to activevolcanic systems. KEY WORDS: silicic magmas; chemical equilibrium; timescales; experimental studies     

晚第四纪印度洋-太平洋交汇区降水时空演化

印度洋-太平洋交汇区(印太交汇区)作为全球的水汽和热量中心,在多种时间尺度的气候变化中都扮演着重要的角色。然而,迄今该区域晚第四纪古降水时空演化仍不清楚,主要体现在不同区域或不同指标的降水重建结果出现明显不一致、甚至相反的现象。本研究基于印太交汇区已有重建记录,总结了该区域轨道和千年时间尺度上古降水演化特征及机制。在轨道时间尺度上,尽管该区域大多数降水记录都主要受到岁差主控的日射量变化影响,但其响应的相位关系却截然不同,推测是多种气候因子共同作用的结果。在千年时间尺度上,降水变化主要受控于北大西洋千年时间尺度气候突变事件导致的热带辐合带(ITCZ)迁移;其次,厄尔尼诺与南方涛动(ENSO)以及印度洋偶极子(IOD)的活动也对该地区局部降水有所贡献。另外,苏拉威西等印太交汇区中部区域的降水受到海平面变化的显著影响。总体来看,印太交汇区古降水记录仍存在重建指标单一、部分区域缺乏高分辨率记录等问题,降水空间分布及其变化机制也尚不明朗,需更多的高分辨率古降水重建以及模拟工作的开展去全方面阐明印太交汇区降水的时空演化特征及机制。