基于干涉仪原理的甚高频雷电单站预警

针对目前闪电单站探测与预警装置的局限性,设计了一套基于闪电宽带干涉仪原理的甚高频单站雷电预警装置.该装置通过测量雷电(包括云闪与地闪)起始时刻的辐射信号到达竖直天线阵列的相位差,计算得到该信号的仰角,根据仰角估算雷电的距离,进而根据雷电的距离和活动特征进行雷电报警.单站测距误差分析结果表明,单站系统对半径50 km范围内闪电测距误差在25％以内,半径100 km范围内的闪电测距误差在30％以内.雷电单站预警装置对一次雷暴过程进行了观测,观测结果表明,该装置能有效探测半径100 km范围内的闪电活动状况,探测到的闪电频次分布、闪电距离与多站闪电定位结果保持较好一致性,证明其能有效探测周围闪电活动状况,起到提前预警雷暴的作用.     

Observation and study on the whole process of cloud-to-ground lightning using narrowband radio interferometer

A narrowband radio interferometer has been developed and used to locate the entire sources of VHF radiations from a negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharge which contains 19 strokes. This system uses five antennas to form an array consisting of short- and long-baselines along two or- thogonal directions. The system error which comes from frequency conversion is reduced by phase detection through direct high frequency amplifying. An interactive graphic analysis procedure is used to remove the fringe ambiguities which exist inherently in interferometry and to determine the direction of lightning radiation sources in two dimensions (azimuth and elevation) as a function of time at a time resolution of microsecond orders. With the developed system, the whole progression process in time and space of a lightning flash can be reconstructed. In this paper, combining the synchronous data of electric filed change and VHF radiation, the whole processes of an example negative CG flash have been studied in detail. It is found that the preliminary breakdown event of the CG flash started from negative charge region and exhibited firstly a downward pregression and then an upward propagation. There were very intense and continuous radiations during stepped leaders which became much stronger when the first return stroke began. In contrast, there were less and only discrete radiations during dart leaders. Stepped leader and dart leader may transform to each other depending on the state of the ionization of the path. The progression speed of initial stepped leaders was about 105 ms?1, while that was about 4.1×106 and 6.0×106 ms?1 for dart leaders and dart-stepped leaders, respectively. M events produced hook-shaped field changes accompanied by active burst of radiations at their begin- nings. Followed these active radiation processes, M events appeared to contact finally into conducting main discharge channels. The mean progression speed of M events was about 7×107 ms?1, greater than that of the dart leaders and dart-step leaders. K events and attempted leaders were essentially the same as dart leaders except that they could not reach the ground and initiate return strokes.     

正交实验法在测绘仪器检定中的应用

在测绘生产和科研项目中，为了改革旧工艺或对新仪器，新产品,经常需要做多因素实验，如何安排多因素实验，是一个很值得研究的问题，文中以数字水准仪及标尺综合精度的检定为例，介绍了正交实验法在测绘仪器检定中的应用。     

河外射电源的结合阵数据的图像处理

不同类型的射电望远镜阵的分辨率差异甚大，用它们的数据进行图像处理后所得到的源结构的尺度也不一样。为了得到中间尺度的结构信息，有时我们需要把不同类型的射电望远镜阵的观测数据结合起来再进行图像处理。本文阐述我们把不同类型阵的数据结合时所用的方法；也给出我们使用的方法所获得的结果的实际例子。     

数字水准仪与精密光学水准仪测量精度比较

数字水准仪的出现解决了大地测量仪器中水准仪自动读数与记录问题,对当代测量技术产生了积极的影响.文中介绍了如何采用双频激光干涉仪配合45°平面镜检测数字水准仪的方法,对精密光学水准仪和数字水准仪进行综合精度的评定和比较,并对结果进行了分析.     

数字水准仪与精密光学水准仪测量精度比较

数字水准仪的出现解决了大地测量仪器中水准仪自动读数与记录问题,对当代测量技术产生了积极的影响。文中介绍了如何采用双频激光干涉仪配合45°平面镜检测数字水准仪的方法,对精密光学水准仪和数字水准仪进行综合精度的评定和比较,并对结果进行了分析。     

用于断层测量的温度补偿光纤外腔型法布里-珀罗位移传感器

针对光纤EFPI传感器通常尺寸很小,而断层尺寸相对较大,导致光纤EFPI传感器在待测断层处安装不便的情况,提出了一种可用于断层测量的光纤外腔型法布里-珀罗位移传感器.两根陶瓷插芯从陶瓷套管的两端插入构成EFPI结构,通过使用金属内管和金属外管,增大了光纤EFPI位移传感器的尺寸;并且金属外管的两端采用O型圈密封,因此该EFPI位移传感器能够防水防尘.为了消除温度对EFPI位移传感器的影响,两根金属内管采用了不同热膨胀系数的材料在结构上进行温度补偿.在温度连续变化的环境下,对腔长为718.39 m的EFPI位移传感器进行了测量.测量结果显示,经过温度补偿设计后,位移传感器的温度系数由0.14 μm/℃下降到了-0.04 μm/℃,并呈现过补偿.     

云闪放电通道发展及其辐射特征

利用闪电宽带干涉仪系统,对中国南方(广东)地区云闪时空演变特征、辐射及其相应电场变化特征进行分析研究。根据云闪电场变化波形,云闪放电过程可划分成活跃阶段和最后阶段,辐射源定位结果表明,云闪放电起始于向上发展的负击穿过程,通道向上发展的速度约为3～3.3×105m·s-1。云闪放电的主通道在活跃阶段形成,该期间辐射源随时间演变和相应电场变化表明,云内电荷结构具有上正下负的偶极性电荷结构。云闪的最后阶段辐射源主要在早期形成的通道内出现,其辐射源活动特征与地闪的回击过程比较相似;云闪辐射能量主要集中在2～3MHz以下的低频段,且辐射强度随频率增加迅速减弱。     

正交实验法在测绘中的应用

以检测数字水准仪及标尺综合精度为例，介绍了正交实验法在测绘领域中的应用。     

大动态宽带干涉式雷电测向接收机新技术

提出了一种基于非线性盲辨识的自适应数字接收机技术。由于宽带雷电信号的时频特征未知或时变,在频域对宽带数字接收机输出信号中的谐波与互调分量进行识别和分选,并以其短时能量最小化作为其非线性行为模型参数的盲辨识准则,利用最速下降算法实现模型参数的自适应提取和更新,然后在线实时地对接收机输出信号进行非线性补偿。实验结果表明,该盲辨识数字接收技术可以将整机的无杂散失真动态范围（SFDR）提高近20dB,极有利于在强干扰存在时对微弱信号的接收与检测。