Fluid entrapment and reequilibration during subduction and exhumation: A case study from the high-grade Nestos shear zone, Central Rhodope, Greece

A fluid inclusion study on metamorphic minerals of successive growth stages was performed on highly deformed paragneisses from the Nestos Shear Zone at Xanthi (Central Rhodope), in which microdiamonds provide unequivocal evidence for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism. The correlation of fluid inclusion density isochores and fluid inclusion reequilibration textures with geothermobarometric data and the relative chronology of micro- and macro-scale deformation stages allow a better understanding of both the fluid and metamorphic evolution along the P–T–d path. Textural evidence for subduction towards the NE is recorded by the orientation of intragranular NE-oriented fluid inclusion planes and the presence of single, annular fluid inclusion decrepitation textures. These textures occur within quartz “foam” structures enclosed in an earlier generation of garnets with prolate geometries and rarely within recrystallized matrix quartz, and reequilibrated both in composition and density during later stages of exhumation. No fluid inclusions pertaining to the postulated ultrahigh-pressure stage for microdiamond-bearing garnet–kyanite–gneisses have yet been found. The prolate shape of garnets developed during the earliest stages of exhumation that is recorded structurally by (L  S) tectonites, which subsequently accommodated progressive ductile SW shearing and folding up to shallow crustal levels. The majority of matrix kyanite and a later generation of garnet were formed during SW-directed shear under plane-strain conditions. Fluid inclusions entrapped in quartz during this stage of deformation underwent density loss and transformed to almost pure CO₂ inclusions by preferential loss of H₂O. Those inclusions armoured within garnet retained their primary 3-phase H₂O–CO₂ compositions. Reequilibration of fluid inclusions in quartz aggregates is most likely the result of recrystallization along with stress-induced, preferential H₂O leakage along dislocations and planar lattice defects which results in the predominance of CO₂ inclusions with supercritical densities. Carbonic fluid inclusions from adjacent kyanite–corundum-bearing pegmatoids and, the presence of shear-plane-parallel fluid inclusion planes within late quartz boudin structures consisting of pure CO₂-fluid inclusions with negative crystal shapes, bear witness of the latest stage of deformation by NE-directed extensional shear.This study shows that the textures of early fluid inclusions that formed already during the prograde metamorphic path can be preserved and used to derive information about the kinematics of subduction that is difficult to obtain from other sources. The textures of early inclusions, together with later generations of unaltered primary and secondary inclusions in metamorphic index minerals that can be linked to specific deformation stages and even P–T conditions, are a welcome supplement for the reconstruction of a rather detailed P–T–d path.     

Der Leitfähigkeitstest — Ein Testsystem zur Ermittlung der membrantoxischen Eigenschaften von Substanzen

The Conductivity Test — Determining the Membrane-toxic Properties of Substances A new biotest system is introduced which is specific in terms of the measured effect but not in terms of the applied organisms. The system is able to detect the effect of membrane-toxic compounds e.g. detergents, organic solvents, and radical formers. Released into the environment, these substances damage biological membranes and therefore cause ion leakage into a surrounding medium. Ion leakage is taken as a measure for membrane damage and is determined as an increase of the electrical conductivity in the medium (conductivity test). The results presented for the tensides benzalkonium chloride, LAS (linear alkylbenzenesulfonate), and APG (alkylpolyglycoside) demonstrate the capability of the conductivity test to distinguish between the differing toxicological potential of these membrane-toxic substances. In contrast to most of the conventional biotests, the endpoint of the conductivity test is independent of a specific organism. This independence is demonstrated by the results obtained with benzalkonium chloride treatment of Elodea canadensis, Lemna minor, and Salvinia natans. The conductivity test represents a versatile, easy to handle biotest system for the assessment of ecotoxicological effects caused by membrane-toxic substances.     

黄河黑山峡大柳树坝坝址岩体渗漏量及灌浆量数值模拟研究

大坝坝址岩体的渗漏研究对于大坝的安全运营至关重要。在进行渗漏治理的措施中,灌浆是常见的一种,但目前确定灌浆的各项参数,如配合比,孔距等,需通过灌浆试验花费大量的人财物力及时间才能确定。为快速查清每一种灌浆方案所灌浆量,本文针对模拟坝址水库渗漏灌浆效果的三维数值模拟开展了计算研究。在对大柳树坝坝址岩体地质情况及渗漏情况分析的基础上,将蓄水前的地下水运移规律模拟出,与实际通过钻孔平硐资料及分析得出的实际地下水运移规律做比较,验证对地下水运移规律的假设;然后将蓄水后的地下水运移规律模拟出,确定地下水的运移规律,了解地下水运移的方向,验证与根据实际情况初步判断的地下水运移方向是否吻合;最后通过数值模拟确定在一定灌浆浆液配合比的情况下所需灌浆量与实际的灌浆试验结果做比较。得出结果与实际灌浆试验结果吻合,证明通过数值模拟,建立浆液配合比与灌浆效果之间的关系,在类似情况快速地选取配合比是可行的。     

CO2地质埋存渗漏风险及补救对策

目前,将CO2埋存于地下深部地质构造（如油气藏、煤层、地下含水层及岩溶盐腔）的减排方案能有效地减缓温室效应而备受关注。无论什么储集体,我们都希望CO2在地下埋存的时间越长越好。然而,对于一项具体工程的实施,必然存在一些客观和主观因素造成CO2渗漏,比如废弃井的不完善或不合理处理、地层断裂系统和水动力系统以及地震所造成的渗漏等等。存在渗漏就可能会对周围人和生态环境造成危害。因此,进行CO2地质埋存的风险评估是相当有必要的,是我们能长期有效安全地进行该项减排方案必不可少的基础和保证。本文即想从建立一套完整的风险评估、管理和监测体系的角度并以加拿大Weyburn油田为例,深入分析CO2地质埋存中可能存在的渗漏风险和途径,建立CO2渗漏风险评估机制,并针对具体的渗漏可能性提出相应的补救对策,为全球范围内,尤其对我国刚刚开展CO2地质埋存研究工作提供一些有益的思路。     

重庆市藻渡水库左岸河间地块渗漏评价

重庆市藻渡河是一条跨省河流,位于四川盆地与云贵高原的过渡带,流域面积大,来水量丰富,地质条件复杂。为了更好地开发利用该河流的水资源,重庆市启动了以藻渡水库（大型）规划为目标的前期研究工作,包括水文、地质条件、淹没方案、开发方案和功能任务等5个方面的专题研究。藻渡水库工程地质条件研究是其中之一。本文在分析库区左岸河间地块地质、水文地质条件基础上,针对不同的地质岩组,将河间地块划分成不同水文地质单元分别进行渗漏评价,细化了评价方式,丰富了评价工作内容,针对性更强,评价结论更可靠。研究结果表明,库区左岸河间地块存在远高于水库初拟蓄水位的地下水分水岭; 藻渡水库蓄水后不会沿河间地块向岭谷松坎河渗漏,为顺利开展下阶段工作奠定了基础。     

冰盖消融的海平面指纹变化及其对GRACE监测结果的影响

全球变暖背景下的冰盖消融以及由此带来海平面上升日益明显,直接影响地球表面的陆地水质量平衡,以及固体地球瞬间弹性响应,研究冰盖质量变化的海平面指纹能够帮助深入了解未来海平面区域变化的驱动因素.本文基于海平面变化方程并考虑负荷自吸效应（SAL）与地球极移反馈的影响,借助美国德克萨斯大学空间研究中心（Center for Space Research,CSR）发布的2003年到2012年十年期间的GRACE重力场月模型数据（RL05）,结合加权高斯平滑的区域核函数,反演得到格陵兰与南极地区冰盖质量变化的时空分布,并利用海平面变化方程计算得到了相对海平面的空间变化,结果表明：格陵兰与南极冰盖质量整体呈明显的消融趋势,变化速率分别为-273.31 Gt/a及-155.56 Gt/a,由此导致整个北极圈相对海平面降低,最高可达约-0.6 cm·a^-1;而南极地区冰盖质量变化趋势分布不一,导致西南极近海相对海平面下降,而东南极地区近海相对海平面上升,最高可达约0.2 cm·a^-1.远离质量负荷区域的全球海平面以上升趋势为主,平均全球相对海平面上升0.71 mm·a^-1,部分远海地区相对海平面上升更加突出（例如北美与澳大利亚）,高出全球平均海平面上升速率将近30%.此外,本文也重点探讨了GRACE监测冰盖消融结果中由于极地近海海平面变化导致的泄漏影响,经此项影响校正后的结果表明：海平面指纹效应对GRACE监测格陵兰与南极地区2003-2012期间整体冰盖消融速率的贡献分别为约3%与9%,建议在后期利用GRACE更精确地估算研究区冰盖质量变化时,应考虑海平面指纹效应的渗透影响.

     

城市供水管道渗漏程度的渗流模型分析与探地雷达信号正演

应用探地雷达进行城市地下管道的探查已经在市政工程中广泛采用,但是利用探地雷达进行地下管道泄漏的探查在我国尚未被广泛采用。本文研究了探地雷达在城市地下供水管道渗漏探查中的应用。首先利用Geo-studio软件模拟了不同工况下的管线渗流情况,分析了不同管线大小,不同渗漏位置与不同时间下的渗漏区的分布、渗漏部位含水量发育特征等几何和物理参数;在此基础上,通过采用GprMax探地雷达正演模拟软件对管道的渗漏进行了病害正演,建立了不同埋深、不同管线大小、不同渗漏位置和程度的系列探地雷达响应特征数据。为实际利用探地雷达探测城市供水管道渗漏提供了基础的参数数据和识别参考。     

扎塘赤泥库渗漏污染评价及治理研究

通过水文地质勘察,查清了扎塘赤泥库向牟老泉和百花湖方向的岩溶渗漏通道,根据弥散试验和长期水质监测资料,建立了水动力弥散叠加模型,进行了渗漏污染预测评价.对岩溶渗漏通道采取了垂直帷幕注浆、库内封堵落水洞、赤泥铺盖等综合防渗措施,历时10年,实现了在岩溶发育地区对高浓度碱水进行防渗治理的预定目标,杜绝了扎塘赤泥库废水外排,治理工程取得了显著的效果,保护了岩溶水资源环境.     

西安市黑河水库左坝肩渗漏三维数值模拟及坝肩坡体稳定性分析

直接针对西安市黑河水库左坝肩渗漏这一重大工程实际问题展开研究与计算。应用三维有限差分方法对左坝肩单薄山梁的初始渗流场、蓄水后的渗流场进行了数值模拟 ,分析渗漏方式、计算相应的渗漏量 ,并通过计算说明了断层是集中渗漏通道。而后利用三维数值计算提供的水位值 ,应用极限平衡分析法 ,对左坝肩岩质斜坡稳定性进行计算与分析 ,计算结果对实际工程的决策与治理提供重要的依据。     

深基坑工程渗漏防治

较全面地分析了深基坑工程渗漏水的原因,提出了预防渗漏水的技术措施,并结合工程实例介绍了几种实用的深基坑工程防渗堵漏技术。