2000年4月6日磁暴期间磁扰变化在低纬子午链的纬度效应

利用低纬地磁子午链上H和D分量的分均值数据 ,分析了 2 0 0 0年 4月 6日磁暴期间磁扰变化的纬度效应 .主要特点是 :(1 )急始期间H分量急始跃变幅随磁纬降低而减小 ,且急始变幅的下降率随磁纬降低而逐渐增大 ;(2 )初相期间H分量第 2峰值的变幅和初相持续时间随磁纬降低而减小 ;(3)主相期间H分量迅速减小 ,并随纬度降低最大变幅明显增加 ;(4)恢复相H分量呈两阶段上升趋势 ,前一阶段迅速上升 ,后一阶段上升速度明显减小 .最后对这些磁扰变化的纬度效应与空间电流体系的密切关系作了讨论 .     

闽浙沿岸上升流的数值模拟

本文将闽浙沿岸作为研究海区,采用坐标下三维斜压非线性的浅海陆架模式,综合考虑风、边界流(台湾暖流、黑潮、长江冲淡水)及地形等动力因子对上升流形成的影响,较好地模拟了闽浙沿岸上升流的分布。得出夏季闽浙沿岸近海岸区域有三个比较强的上升流中心,分别位于2520′N,12000′E、2640′N,12015′E、2720′N,12045′E附近,并且在对闽浙沿岸水文结构的模拟中,同样得出夏季沿岸的低温高盐区与计算出的三个较强的上升中心一致。冬季沿岸上升流的强度和范围都明显减弱,但在2520′N,12000′E和2600′N,12030′E及2830′~3000′N,12200′E附近仍有相对较强的上升流存在。     

纬向切变基流中的非线性正压Rossby波

在半地转近似下，用相角函数方法得到了包含纬向基流及其切变的非线性常微分方程。利用常微分方程解的拓扑性质的定性理论，直接得到该方程存在有限振幅的周期波解与孤立波解即非线性正压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波解存在的条件，由此分析了纬向切变基流对波解存在的影响。最后利用函数逼近法求得了非线性正压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波解的显式表达式。结果表明，纬向切变基流对波的影响不仅表现在波的存在方面，而且还表现在波的形态方面，反映了波的非线性特点和基流对波动的作用。     

Climate induced temperature effects on growth performance, fecundity and recruitment in marine fish: developing a hypothesis for cause and effect relationships in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus)

Effects of global warming on animal distribution and performance become visible in many marine ecosystems. The present study was designed to develop a concept for a cause and effect understanding with respect to temperature changes and to explain ecological findings based on physiological processes. The concept is based on a wide comparison of invertebrate and fish species with a special focus on recent data obtained in two model species of fish. These fish species are both characterized by northern and southern distribution limits in the North Atlantic: eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), as a typical non-migrating inhabitant of the coastal zone and the cod (Gadus morhua), as a typical inhabitant of the continental shelf with a high importance for fisheries.Mathematical modelling demonstrates a clear significant correlation between climate induced temperature fluctuations and the recruitment of cod stocks. Growth performance in cod is optimal at temperatures close to 10°C, regardless of the population investigated in a latitudinal cline. However, temperature specific growth rates decrease at higher latitudes. Also, fecundity is less in White Sea than in North and Baltic Sea cod or eelpout populations. These findings suggest that a cold-induced shift in energy budget occurs which is unfavorable for growth performance and fecundity. Thermal tolerance limits shift depending on latitude and are characterized by oxygen limitation at both low or high temperatures. Oxygen supply to tissues is optimized at low temperature by a shift in hemoglobin isoforms and oxygen binding properties to lower affinities and higher unloading potential. Protective stimulation of heat shock protein synthesis was not observed.According to a recent model of thermal tolerance the downward shift of tolerance limits during cold adaptation is associated with rising mitochondrial densities and, thus, aerobic capacity and performance in the cold, especially in eurythermal species. At the same time the costs of mitochondrial maintenance reflected by mitochondrial proton leakage should rise leaving a lower energy fraction for growth and reproduction. The preliminary conclusion can be drawn that warming will cause a northern shift of distribution limits for both species with a rise in growth performance and fecundity larger than expected from the Q₁₀ effect in the north and lower growth or even extinction of the species in the south. Such a shift may heavily affect fishing activities in the North Sea.     

水准椭球的纬向密度分布

本文推导了旋转椭球极点重力与赤道重力的密度积分公式。按照１９８０大地参考系统及水准椭球的“极点重力条件”和“赤道重力条件”,从数学上证明了地球的“赤道径向平均密度”大于“极点径向平均密度”,并给出了水准椭球纬向密度分布的估算公式;进而提出了“地球的径向平均密度按纬向正常分布”的假说。     

The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean

This study reports the first inventory of physical properties of individual plastic debris in the North Atlantic. We analyzed 748 samples for size, mass, and material composition collected from surface net tows on 11 expeditions from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to the Caribbean Sea between 1991 and 2007. Particles were mostly fragments less than 10 mm in size with nearly all lighter than 0.05 g. Material densities ranged from 0.808 to 1.24 g ml⁻¹, with about half between 0.97 and 1.04 g ml⁻¹, a range not typically found in virgin plastics. Elemental analysis suggests that samples in this density range are consistent with polypropylene and polyethylene whose densities have increased, likely due to biofouling. Pelagic densities varied considerably from that of beach plastic debris, suggesting that plastic particles are modified during their residence at sea. These analyses provide clues in understanding particle fate and potential debris sources, and address ecological implications of pelagic plastic debris.     

初夏西太平洋副高南北位置长期变化的成因及预报

利用月平均高度场和海温场资料，通过统计相关分析，探讨了初夏西太平洋副热带高压南北位置长期变化的规律及其成因，结果表明，初夏副高南北位置存在着１１年左右和３－５年的准周期振荡，这种周期变化分别与太阳活动、海洋下垫面和对流层上部位势高度场类似的周期振荡相吻合。太阳黑子高值年、赤道东太平洋暖水期、热带中东太平洋对流层上部位势高度偏高阶段，初夏西太平洋副高位置偏南，反之偏北。最后建立了６月份副高脊线的预报方法。     

Geographic and bathymetric trends in abundance, biomass and body size of four grenadier fishes along the Iberian coast in the western Mediterranean

The present study is a mesoscale analysis of latitude and depth related trends in abundance, biomass and body size of the four grenadier species Caelorinchus caelorhincus, Hymenocephalus italicus, Nezumia aequalis and Trachyrinchus scabrus inhabiting the deep western Mediterranean. We have analysed data from seven annual bottom trawl surveys, carried out down to 800 m depth along the Iberian Mediterranean coast covering a distance of approximately 1200 km. The objectives were to establish general patterns in the mesoscale distribution of abundance, biomass and body size of deep-water grenadier fishes and also analyse the consistency of the bathymetric distribution of these parameters along a large latitudinal gradient. Five complementary series of analyses have been completed. The first focussed on describing the general patterns of abundance and size by correspondence canonical analysis, CCA, in the area. The second and third series focussed on the existence of temporal, geographical and bathymetric trends of abundance, weight and mean size by analysis of covariance, ANCOVA and multiple regression analysis. The fourth series compared the frequency distributions of body length. Finally, the last series focussed on the patterns of abundance versus size. The total number of individuals of all four grenadier species captured in 260 bottom trawls amounted to 27,435 and their weight was 1404 kg. No general trends for the four species have been observed between years. All four species showed a general pattern of increasing size with depth, which, except in the case of C. caelorhincus, was consistent along a large latitudinal gradient. Nezumia aequalis was unique in showing the same noticeable trend of increasing abundance with depth along the entire latitudinal range, but with clear differences in the intercepts. The abundance of N. aequalis and C. caelorhincus decreased significantly northwards. Hymenocephalus italicus was the least abundant species and had a homogeneous distribution without any specific trend along the entire latitudinal range analysed. The distribution of T. scabrus in the Mediterranean seemed to be more localised. Higher abundances were found to the north and south of the latitudinal gradient with lower values between. The grenadiers studied also showed a general trend of decreasing mean size northwards, except in the case of the smallest species, H. italicus. The relation between abundance and body size differed between sectors for the whole grenadier population and species-specific variations were also observed. The relationship between individual body mass and population density fit well to a second-order polynomial function rather than to a linear regression, showing a significant trend for density to increase with increasing size until some mid-point, then to decline with increasing size thereafter. The observed latitudinal gradient in the distribution patterns of grenadiers along the upper slope of the western Mediterranean can be discussed in relation to direct and indirect factors of biogeographic, environmental and anthropogenic origin.     

Depth gradients of benthic standing stock and diversity on the continental margin at a high-latitude ice-free site (off Spitsbergen, 79°N)

High-latitude seas are mostly covered by multi-year ice, which impacts processes of primary production and sedimentation of organic matter. Because of the warming effect of West Spitsbergen Current (WSC), the waters off West Spitsbergen have only winter ice cover. That is uncommon for such a high latitude and enables to separate effects of multiyear-ice cover from the latitudinal patterns. Macrofauna was sampled off Kongsfjord (79°N) along the depth gradient from 300 to 3000 m. The density, biomass and diversity at shallow sites situated in a canyon were very variable. Biomass was negatively correlated with depth (R=-0.86, p<0.001), and ranged from 61 g ww m⁻² (212 m) to 1 g ww m⁻² (2025 m). The biomasses were much higher than in the multiyear-ice covered High Arctic at similar depths, while resembling those from temperate and tropical localities. Species richness (expressed by number of species per sample and species–area accumulation curves) decreased with depth. There was no clear depth-related pattern in diversity measures: Hurbert rarefaction, Shannon–Wiener or Pielou. The classic increase of species richness and diversity with depth was not observed. Species richness and diversity of deep-sea macrofauna were much lower in our study than in comparable studies of temperate North Atlantic localities. That is related to geographic isolation of Greenland–Icelandic–Norwegian (GIN) seas from the Atlantic pool of species.     

2004年11月7-8日巨磁暴期间场向电流的分布特征

利用CHAMP卫星磁场数据分析研究了2004年11月7日至8日巨磁暴(Dst<-200 nT)期间大尺度场向电流的分布特征.把方向相同且时间连续的一段场向电流定义为一个电流片,分析结果表明,伴随磁暴的发展,在卫星飞过的两个扇区(早上扇区0200-0400MLT及下午扇区1400-1600MLT)中的大尺度场向电流分布呈现不同的纬向分布特征:随着地磁扰动的增强,早上扇区电流片分布范围向高纬扩展;而下午扇区电流片分布范围则显著地向低纬扩展.与地磁活动SYM-H和AE指数对比分析得出,早上扇区的大尺度电流片的分布特征更多地受到亚暴活动的影响,而下午扇区的电流片分布则明显反映出磁暴环电流活动的特征.