Direct and Indirect pCO2 Measurements in a Wide Range of pCO2 and Salinity Values (The Scheldt Estuary)

Recent improvements in both Infra-red spectroscopy and equilibrator techniqueshave allowed to determine, for the first time, pCO₂using simultaneously and continuously both the direct and indirect methods in an estuary where pCO₂ values range from 500 to 8500 atm and salinity from 0 to 30. Our results show that both methods are in excellent agreement in the wholeestuary (r² = 0.999, n = 1075, p < 0.0001). Thus, the NBS (US National Bureau of Standards) scale, although inadequate for seawater samples, is appropriate for estuarine waters and can be applied with confidence to calculate pCO₂.     

Cosmic rays and changes in atmospheric infra-red transmission

Recent work by Aplin and Lockwood (2013) [1] was interpreted by them as showing that there is a multiplying ratio of order 10¹² for the infra-red energy absorbed in the ionization produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere to the energy content of the cosmic rays themselves. We argue here that the interpretation of the result in terms of infra-red absorption by ionization is incorrect and that the result is therefore most likely due to a technical artefact.     

乳砷铅铜石的发现与研究

乳砷铅铜石发现于1984年,在广西德保和平桂等矿区的硫化物型矿床的氧化带铁帽中.对该矿物的物理、化学和X射线粉晶分析、红外光谱分析以及差热分析等方面进行了测试研究,其结果与国外已知数据基本一致.矿物呈淡黄绿或深绿色,细粒状或葡萄状,硬度H=4,比重D=5.35,透明,二轴晶负光性,2V大,Ng=1.9817,Nm=1.9703,NP=1.9584.化学成分为PbO 35.19,CuO 30.64,As_2O_5 30.09,FeO 0.28,ZnO 0.05,H_2O 4.10(%).相应的化学分子式为Cu_(2.96)Pb_(1.21)(AsO_4)_(2.01)(OH)_(2.31)·0.59H_2O.X射线粉晶数据与JCPDS26～1410卡基本一政,衍射强线为3.14(10),3.24(8),2.92(8),2.55(8),2.74(7),2.49(7),2.27(7),4.51(6),4.94(5),2.66(4),1.902(4),1.817(4).计算的晶胞参数为a=10.236(?).b=5.904(?),C=14.213(?),β=106.39°,z=4,单斜晶系;空间群为A2/a.红外吸收光谱波数为3440、1640、870、820、775、465和1100、590、557(cm~(-1));差热分析吸收峰为580、773、812、889、898(℃).     

Thermal radiative fluxes through inhomogeneous cloud fields: a sensitivity study using a new stochastic cloud generator

We analyze the effects of flat and bumpy top, fractional and internally inhomogeneous cloud layers on large area-averaged thermal radiative fluxes. Inhomogeneous clouds are generated by a new stochastic model: the tree-driven mass accumulation process (tdMAP). This model is able to provide stratocumulus and cumulus cloud fields with properties close to those observed in real clouds. A sensitivity study of cloud parameters is done by analyzing differences between 3D fluxes simulated by the spherical harmonic discrete ordinate method and three “standard” models likely to be used in general circulation models: plane-parallel homogeneous cloud model (PPH), PPH with fractional cloud coverage model (FCPPH) and independent pixel approximation model (IPA). We show that thermal fluxes are strong functions of fractional cloud coverage, mean optical depth, mean geometrical thickness and cloud base altitude. Fluctuations of “in-cloud” horizontal variability in optical depth and cloud-top bumps have negligible effects in the whole. We also showed that PPH, FCPPH and IPA models are not suitable to compute thermal fluxes of flat top fractional inhomogeneous cloud layer, except for completely overcast cloud. This implies that horizontal transport of photon at thermal wavelengths is important when cloudy cells are separated by optically thin regions.     

红外测距仪常数的室内检定

本文简要地分析了红外测距仪常数的本质特征及种类,提出了用光束接收受限法测试适合于远距离测量改正的周期误差和加常数以及用正常测试综合求解方法确定适合于近距离测量改正的周期误差、加常数和相位不均匀性综合改正。