两种鲨鱼鳃部真菌菌群的PCR-DGGE分析

以提取自东海海域两种鲨鱼(尖吻鲭鲨和噬人鲨)鳃耙组织的总DNA为模板,对其真菌菌群rDNA的基因内转录间隔区ITS1序列进行了PCR扩增,扩增产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分离,电泳图谱中的7条主要条带经过二次PCR扩增后进行了克隆测序。NCBI-BLAST比对及分子系统发育分析结果表明,尖吻鲭鲨鳃部真菌菌群的优势种来自四个分类单元,其中一个来自青霉属,三个来自曲霉属;噬人鲨鳃部真菌的优势种来自四个分类单元,其中一种来自青霉属、两个来自梗孢酵母属、一个来自枝顶孢属;青霉属为两种鲨鱼鳃部共同的优势菌;另外DGGE指纹图谱显示还有种类较丰富的劣势菌存在。数据库检索显示多数真菌分类单元具有较好的产生生物活性天然产物的潜力。该PCR-DGGE分析揭示鲨鱼鳃部栖生有较丰富的真菌类群,它们的代谢产物及其与宿主之间的相互作用还有待深入研究。     

Antioxidant responses to variations in dissolved oxygen of Scapharca inaequivalvis and Tapes philippinarum, two bivalve species from the lagoon of Venice

The aim of the present work was to determine the activities of selected antioxidant enzymes (SOD, Se-GPX, CAT) in two species of bivalves, Scapharca inaequivalvis and Tapes philippinarum, from two sites of the lagoon of Venice that are characterized by different pO(2) (Marghera and Chioggia). The specimens were collected at four times during a 1-year period. In the two species studied, enzyme activities were found to be present in both digestive glands and gills, but with some species-specific differences that may also represent a different adaptation to seasonal variations. The presence of high SOD activities in the gills of both species may be related to their physiological role in respiration. Scapharca inaequivalvis is less sensitive than T. philippinarum to environmental changes, perhaps due to the presence of hemoglobins in this species. Moreover, in the digestive gland of T. philippinarum we found a significant negative correlation between the activities of SOD and GPX that may indicate the presence of oxidative stress. Some correlations between temperature/dissolved oxygen and antioxidant enzyme activity were present in specimens sampled in Marghera. Only GPX adequately responded to changes in dissolved oxygen and temperature, while the decrease in the activity of SOD and CAT in winter may be directly responsible for an enhanced susceptibility of mussels to oxidative stress during this period. We can conclude that the observed differences between Chioggia and Marghera are due to different concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Marghera is an appropriate location to study seasonal variations in water temperature. In fact, in this site, the differences between hot and cold months are quite evident.     

不同浓度化学融雪剂对草鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响

化学融雪剂是寒冷地区冬季除雪的主要措施之一,其对地表水生态系统的累积性影响已逐渐受到重视。拟以草鱼为研究对象,采用邻苯三酚自氧化法和紫外吸收的方法,研究不同浓度融雪剂对鱼鳃和肌肉组织中SOD和CAT活性的影响,旨在为融雪剂对水生生物的毒性效应提供数据支持。在4.10、5.13、6.41、8.01 g·L^-1和10.01 g·L^-1不同浓度条件下,进行融雪剂对草鱼的暴露实验。结果表明：融雪剂对草鱼的96 h LC50值为14.19 g·L^-1,安全浓度值应不超过4.03 g·L^-1。根据化学融雪剂对草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）96 h LC50值,5.13、6.41、8.01、10.01 g·L^-1浓度融雪剂暴露组与对照组相比,草鱼鳃和肌肉组织SOD的活性均被显著抑制 (P<0.05或P<0.01)。在7 d时,化学融雪剂胁迫下草鱼鳃和肌肉组织CAT活性均表现为显著抑制(P<0.05或P<0.01),草鱼鳃中CAT活性高于肌肉组织中。     

Impaired Functions in Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1757), from Polluted Waters

Oreochromis niloticus is an endemic species in the River Nile and represents the main object of fishery in the Nile Delta Lakes of which Lake Maryût is the smallest and most polluted. Due to current pollution problems, fish production in the lake greatly declined. Besides fish biology, this study considered a wide array of water databases in selected sites along the lake. Hydrologic and biologic data were compared to that of a reference fish hatchery. Water concentrations of ammonia, manganese, nickel, cadmium, lead and mercury proved hazardous to fish, whereas chromium, copper, iron, zinc, pH, alkalinity, hardness, phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite always fell within acceptable levels. Physiologic evaluation of O. niloticus pointed out improper growth, protein inadequacy, and functional impairment in fish inhabiting polluted sites, in particular the lake main basin. These were reflected by data of specific formulae as RNA/DNA and the relative RNA content (r) in cells of the liver and gill arches as well as by the relative mobilization of serum protein fractions. It seems, however, that growth competence is additionally affected by the stress impact exerted upon fish by massive population numbers in some cramped commercial ponds.