单多普勒雷达反演涡旋风场方法分析

由于单雷达在探测台风临近、登陆时仍具有双部或多部雷达难以具备的优势,目前利用单多普勒雷达反演涡旋风场的方法并不多见,本文对能够反演涡旋风场的3种方法NIVAP(自然坐标系的积分VAP方法)、EVAPTC(反演热带气旋的EVAP方法)、GBVTD(地基速度追踪法)进行了比较,分别从每种方法的假设条件和数学方法以及结果精度来比较3种方法对涡旋风场的适用性。利用中尺度气旋Rankine模式模拟了纯涡旋性气旋、只有环境风场时、环境风场和辐合(辐散)同时存在时的径向速度场及风场,比较了各种情况下的反演风场和模拟风场的相似系数。在对模拟风场比较之后,选取了2014年"威马逊"台风登陆前1h、登陆时及登陆后1h的3个实测雷达资料,对比分析了3种方法反演实测资料的风场特征,3种方法中EVAPTC方法最好,GBVTD方法在应用中有一定的限制,NIVAP方法较差。     

登陆台风卡努(0515)内核区环流结构特征分析

本文采用地基雷达轨迹显示技术(Ground Based Velocity Track Display,简称GBVTD)反演的雷达风场资料,分析台风卡努(0515)在登陆期间近中心环流结构特征.轴对称环流结构分析表明,登陆前卡努轴对称切向风速最大值出现在眼墙区域2 km高度附近,最大风速半径随高度向外倾斜.轴对称径向入流...     

Single-Doppler Radar Analysis of a Mesocyclone in the Taiwan Strait

In this study, the kinematic and precipitation structures of a mesocyclone associated with a hook echo were analyzed using single Doppler radar data. The mesocyclone was embedded in a mesoscale convective rainband near northern Taiwan coastline on 10 September 2004. The synoptic environment was characterized by a moderate convective available potential energy (CAPE) and a moderate ambient vertical shear from surface to 5 km.In addition, a pronounced low-level mesoscale shear/convergence zone, which resulted from the interaction of two tropical depressions, was also identified in the northwest coast of Taiwan,providing a favorable dynamic condition for the development of the mesocyclone. Analyzing single Doppler dipole signature shows that this mesocyclone formed initially at low levels, then deepened and strengthened rapidly into mature stage with the vertical depth exceeding 8 km. The diameter of the mesocyclone decreased with the height at the time of vortexgenesis, and then evolved into columnar structure accompanied with the broader diameter in middle layer. The mesocyclone lasted for about 2 h. The Ground-Based Velocity Track Display (GBVTD) method was applied to retrieve the axisymmetric circulation of the mesocyclone. The GBVTD-derived primary circulation showed the radius of maximum wind (RMW) of the mesocyclone was about 5--6 km and varied from inward tilting to outward tilting with time. The axisymmetric radial wind field was initially characterized by a low-level inflow inside the RMW and outflow outside the RMW, respectively. The strongest reflectivity was associated with a stronger updraft near the RMW, and a weak downdraft was located at the center of the mesocyclone.Subsequently the downdraft and reflectivity near the mesocyclone center strengthened obviously, accompanied with the low-level outflow, strong updraft as well as high reflectivity extending outside the RMW. The relative tangential wind initially exhibited a wavenumber 1 asymmetric structure with the maximum wind region at the left portion of the meso cyclone and shifted counterclockwise with height. The axisymmetric tangential wind strengthened and reached its maximum intensity with a value about 20 m s-1 at z=1 km. After that the axisymmetric tangential wind decreased rapidly, meanwhile the wave-1 asymmetric structure redeveloped with the maximum wind at the left-front of motion. In summary, the evolution and structure of the mesocyclone is similar to that observed within a non-supercell mesocyclone. It is worth to mention that the axisymmetric circulation characteristics of the mesocyclone at its mature stage are very similar to those observed in a mature typhoon. However, there are significant differences, i.e., the size is much smaller, the lifetime is much shorter, and the downdraft in the center is produced by precipitation instead of compensating subsidence.     

应用多普勒雷达制作近海台风临近预报技术研究

台风、局地暴雨等灾害性天气是浙江省夏季汛期的主要气象灾害.利用新一代天气雷达探测的重要特征,将浙江省近年来收集的台风雷达资料进行试验研究,应用雷达基数据数字组网3-D数据,通过回波自动识别与跟踪、动态定量估测降水、台风旋转环流结构快速诊断分析等技术,进行省级台站基于雷达的台风临近预警预报技术的应用研究.根据台风主体回波螺旋带形状的结构,及其回波系统(团)移动过程中又具有明显的旋转性运动的特点,对交叉相关法进行了适当改进.首先,在矩心跟踪法进行强对流回波团识别跟踪的基础上,利用多普勒速度场及其与台风旋转环流的逻辑一致性建立第一猜测场,对外推出的回波在移动方向上加以控制和修正;其次.结合雷达覆盖范围内自动雨量站实时数据,应用最佳概率窗求得最配合的Z-I关系进行动态降水量估测,再将估测的降水强度与格点化的自动站雨量强度进行变分订正(尽量减少降水强度不均匀引起的误差);最后,在回波追踪与外推基础上结合估测降水强度作出0～1小时的降水临近预报和监测预警.对近海台风,采用基于地基速度示踪法(GBVTD)对台风中心、旋转环流结构作快速诊断.研究表明,针对性地开展和建立基于雷达的台风临近预报应用技术的探索,可以对正面登陆或临近的台风预报服务及相关研究提供更多的依据和帮助.通过对台风的连续定位、位置移动、结构演变、暴雨落区、流场变化等特征的分析,对台风的临近预报和气象服务具有重要的作用.     

单多普勒天气雷达反演中尺度气旋环流场的方法

给出具有Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ模式中尺度气旋的模拟的多普勒径向速度图,利用中尺度气旋近似轴对称性及径向速度几何关系和付氏转换,建立ＧＢＶＴＤ方法,定量分析模拟的中尺度气旋内部流场结构,并利用郑州７１４ＣＤ多普勒天气雷达资料进行验证。     

台湾海峡中气旋结构特征的单多普勒雷达分析

2004年9月10日傍晚,在台湾北部海面大范围中尺度对流雨带中有一钩状回波并伴随中气旋.受台湾东北部和西南部海面两个热带低压系统的环流影响,海峡北部海面有一大尺度的风切辐合带,为中气旋发展提供了有利环境.文中利用台湾地区北部民用航空局中正机场多普勒雷达资料,分析中气旋特征,结果显示此中气旋由低层形成随后向上发展,最高可达8 km以上,内核直径先是低层大中层小,随后中层扩大与低层接近成圆柱状,之后快速减弱,整个过程约2 h.进一步用地基雷达风速轨迹显示法(GBVTD)反演中气旋成熟期间的环流结构变化,结果显示在分析期间,最大风半径维持在5-6 km,且随时间在高度分布由向内倾斜转化为无明显倾斜再到向外倾斜.轴对称径向风先在低层最大风速半径以内有外流,以外有内流,在最大风速半径处为上升运动区并伴随强回波,而在气旋中心附近为下沉运动区.随后气旋中心回波和下沉运动均逐渐增强,同时低层外流增强并扩散至最大风速半径外,相应的上升运动和强回波也移至最大风速半径外.切向风先呈现波数1的非对称结构,最大风速区位于气旋移动的左侧,且随高度有沿逆时针方向旋转的现象,随后显著增强,分布趋于对称,最大轴对称切向风达20 m/s位于约1 km高度.此后切向风速逐渐减弱,同时波数1非对称结构又有加强的趋势,最大风速区位于移动方向左前侧.中气旋发展过程和结构同其他地区观测的非超级单体微气旋非常相似,其成熟期环流特征同台风结构也非常类似,不同之处在于其中心下沉运动及低层外流为降水所造成,且尺度和生命期均远小于台风.