谱模式T63L9正规模初值化方案及试验

推导了全球谱模式T63L9的正规模,对求得的垂直和水平正规模做了分析,与其他文献进行了比较.在此基础上,为其资料四维同化系统研制了一套合适的绝热非线性正规模初值化方案,并进行了一系列试验.分析表明:方案的研制是成功的,它有效地消除了模式早期积分中虚假的高频振荡,明显改进了短期预报的效果;初值化不仅对随后的一次预报有明显的改进,而且通过同化循环,提高了整个资料同化和预报的质量.     

雷达热动力反演资料的高分辨率同化模拟试验

目前,北京地区的天气预报系统对局地对流性定量降水预报能力较弱,远不能满足人们生产、生活和防灾、减灾工作的需要。针对北京地区对提高0-12 h短时临近天气,尤其是夏季局地对流性降水预报能力的需求,基于中国气象局北京城市气象研究所变分多普勒雷达分析系统（VDRAS）的雷达热动力反演资料,建立了WRF模式初始化模块,采用四维资料同化（FDDA）方法,将VDRAS系统高时空分辨率三维热动力结构分析场资料同化到WRF模式中,实现了北京地区VDRAS分析场资料在WRF中尺度模式系统中的应用。通过降水个例的高分辨率同化模拟试验分析了雷达热动力反演资料同化对模式预报结果的影响。研究结果表明:雷达热动力反演资料的同化能够提高模式系统对近地面温、湿、风大气要素和降水过程的模拟能力,改善2 m比湿、降水落区、降水量级、降水时间的预报效果,减少降水漏报的现象。温度和比湿的同化比风的同化对模拟降水结果的改善更重要。虽然研究表明雷达热动力反演资料在WRF模式中的同化能够明显改善模式对选取降水个例的模拟效果,但其对模式尤其是数值业务模式系统预报效果的影响需要进一步更全面、更系统的检验,为业务化应用奠定更坚实的基础。      

HIGH-RESOLUTION NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TYPHOON LONGWANG (2005) WITH THE SPECTRUM NUDGING TECHNIQUE

With the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRFV3.2.1), the application of spectrum nudging techniques in numerical simulation of the genesis and development of typhoon Longwang (2005) is evaluated in this work via four numerical experiments with different nudging techniques. It is found that, due to the ability to capture the large-scale fields and to keep the meso-to small-scale features derived from the model dynamics, the experiment with spectrum nudging technique can simulate the formation, intensification and motion of Longwang properly. The improvement on the numerical simulation of Longwang induced by the spectrum nudging depends on the nudging coefficients. A weak spectrum nudging does not make significant improvement on the simulation of Longwang. Although the experiment with four-dimensional data assimilation, i.e., FDDA, also derives the genesis and movement of Longwang appropriately, it fails to simulate the intensifying process of Longwang properly. The reason is that, as the large-scale features derived from the model are nudged to the observational data, the meso- to small-processes produced by the model dynamics important to the intensification of typhoon are nearly smoothed by FDDA.     

一种四维同化方法的试验研究

文章利用一个有限区模式对一种资料四维同化过程作了试验研究，以考察四维资料同化对模式的预报过程的作用。试验结果表明:四维资料同化可以为模式提供一组四维动力协调的积分初值。对由于资料或模式原因造成的积分开始时的高频振荡有很好的抑制作用，使模式的积分稳定性增强。      

The effect of a surface data assimilation technique and the traditional four-dimensional data assimilation on the simulation of a monsoon depression over India using a mesoscale model

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of a surface data assimilation (SDA) technique, together with the traditional four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA), on the simulation of a monsoon depression that formed over India during the field phase of the 1999 Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX). The SDA uses the analyzed surface data to continuously assimilate the surface layer temperature as well as the water vapor mixing ratio in the mesoscale model. The depression for the greater part of this study was offshore and since successful application of the SDA would require surface information, a method of estimating surface temperature and surface humidity using NOAA-TOVS satellites was used. Three sets of numerical experiments were performed using a coupled mesoscale model. The first set, called CONTROL, uses the NCEP (National Center for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis for the initial and lateral boundary conditions in the MM5 simulation. The second and the third sets implemented the SDA of temperature and moisture together with the traditional FDDA scheme available in the MM5 model. The second set of MM5 simulation implemented the SDA scheme only over the land areas, and the third set extended the SDA technique over land as well as sea. Both the second and third sets of the MM5 simulation used the NOAA-TOVS and QuikSCAT satellite and conventional upper air and surface meteorological data to provide an improved analysis. The results of the three sets of MM5 simulations are compared with one another and with the analysis and the BOBMEX 1999 buoy, ship, and radiosonde observations. The predicted sea level pressure of both the model runs with assimilation resembles the analysis closely and also captures the large-scale structure of the monsoon depression well. The central sea level pressures of the depression for both the model runs with assimilation were 2–4 hPa lower than the CONTROL. The results of both the model runs with assimilation indicate a larger spatial area as well as increased rainfall amounts over the coastal regions after landfall compared with the CONTROL. The impact of FDDA and SDA, the latter over land, resulted in reduced errors of the following: 1.45 K in temperature, 0.39 m s⁻¹ in wind speed, and 14° in wind direction compared with the BOBMEX buoy observation, and 1.43 m s⁻¹ in wind speed, 43° in wind direction, and 0.75% in relative humidity compared with the CONTROL. The impact of SDA over land and sea compared with SDA over land only showed a further marginal reduction of errors: 0.23 K in air temperature (BOBMEX buoy) and 1.33 m s⁻¹ in wind speed simulations.     

Analysis of a group of weak small-scale vortexes in the planetary boundary layer in the mei-yu front

A mei-yu front process in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River on 23 June 1999 was simulated by using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR （PSU/NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5） with FDDA （Four Dimension Data Assimilation）. The analysis shows that seven weak small mesoscale vortexes of tens of kilometers, correspondent to surface low trough or mesoscale centers, in the planetary boundary layer （PBL） in the mei-yu front were heavily responsible for the heavy rainfall. Sometimes, several weak small-scale vortexes in the PBL could form a vortex group, some of which would weaken locally, and some would develop to be a meso-α-scale low vortex through combination. The initial dynamical triggering mechanism was related to two strong currents： one was the northeast flow in the PBL at the rear of the mei-yu front, the vortexes occurred exactly at the side of the northeast flow; and the other was the strong southwest low-level jet （LLJ） in front of the Mei-yu front, which moved to the upper of the vortexes. Consequently, there were notable horizontal and vertical wind shears to form positive vorticity in the center of the southwest LLJ. The development of mesoscale convergence in the PBL and divergence above, as well as the vertical positive vorticity column, were related to the small wind column above the nose-shaped velocity contours of the northeast flow embedding southwestward in the PBL, which intensified the horizontal wind shear and the positive vorticity column above the vortexes, baroclinicity and instability.     

两种背景场改进方案对新疆“狭管”风区风场预报性能评估

为了客观评价Wind Energy Resource Assessment System /CMA(简称WERAS/CMA)系统(CTL方案)和将其中的客观分析法改成四维同化系统(简称FDDA方案)对既受狭管效应影响、又受湖陆风影响的阿拉山口和达坂城-小草湖风区起伏下垫面中的风能资源数值模拟的优劣,根据2009年7、10月和2010年1、4月 12UTC的NCEP再分析资料以及同期CMACAST下发的WMO各种常规观测资料开展了风场预报效果对比实验。结果表明:(1)对复杂区域而言,两种方案比过去单纯只用中尺度模式进行风场模拟的平均相对误差至少减小10%;(2)总体而言,两种方案对70 m高度处的风速模拟误差要大于30、50、100 m处的误差,在受多种环流尺度影响区域,模式在刻画平均风速/风向频率廓线方面的缺陷均极其相似;(3)在70 m高度上,两种方案5 m·s^-1以内的风速平均相对误差可达60%～130%,>5 m·s^-1的误差可控制在15%以内;对受湖陆风影响区域的模拟误差明显偏大,误差大小与湖陆风效应的季节变化有关; (4)两种方案均能抓住70 m左右高度上不同等级风速段的气候背景,对达坂城风区5～15 m·s^-1风速段的Ts预报评分可达0.6～0.7,对阿拉山口和小草湖风区≤5 m·s^-1风速段的Ts预报评分分别可达0.6～0.7和0.9左右。然而,对达坂城风区≤5 m·s^-1风速段的Ts预报评分仅0.3～0.4;(5)两种方案对所有风区需采取停机保护措施的、15 m·s^-1以上强风预报的Ts评分仅在0.4～0.6;(6)同一测风塔不同高度上,FDDA方案对风的预报效果不一定总优于CTL方案,但在70 m高度上,FDDA总体略优于CTL;即使同一风区,各个测风塔之间两种方案的预报效果也是因局地多尺度环流影响的不同或因预报的高度不同或预报季节的不同而异,这种预报误差差异的机理还有待探究。     

非静力模式预报热带气旋路径个例试验

利用非静力模式（ＭＭ５Ｖ２）对９６１１号、９９０４号等北上热带气旋路径预报进行民试验。用松驰（Ｎｕｄｇｉｎｇ）四维同化方案和人造热带气旋（Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ）技术,使独ｔ－１２时刻的模式场（包括第一个Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ）通过预积分逐步逼近ｔｏ时刻的Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ和同时刻的观测资料场庆１９９９年能够得到相隔６ｈ一次的ＡＴ１０６Ｌ１９预报场后,分别在ｔ－１２、ｔ－ａ６和ｔｏ时刻各制做一个Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ