过去2000年全球典型暖期特征与机制的模拟研究

本文利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)的通用地球系统模式(Community Earth System Model,简称CESM)的低分辨率版本(CESM1.0.3,T31_g37)在国际国内率先进行了多组过去2000年瞬变积分模拟试验,在与历史重建资料和观测资料进行对比验证的基础上,对过去2000年中的典型暖期(中世纪暖期与现代暖期)的特征和成因机制进行了初步探讨,结果表明:中世纪暖期太阳辐射加强是导致其“暖化”的主要原因之一,而温室气体浓度的激增是现代全球变暖的最主要原因;在中世纪暖期,自然因子(包括太阳辐射和火山活动)对降水量的影响之和比温室气体的影响高一个数量级;而在现代暖期,温室气体对降水量的影响比自然因子(包括太阳辐射和火山活动)对降水量的影响之和高一个数量级;在不同外强迫条件下的海表温度变化在热带太平洋区域截然不同,即自然因子影响下为类-拉尼娜态,而温室气体影响下为类-厄尔尼诺态;无论在中世纪暖期还是现代暖期,相对于1000～1850年的平均情况,沃克(Walker)环流均处于增强状态.     

全球模式NCAR CESM和CAS ESM对亚洲东部夏季气候的模拟性能评估:气候平均态和降水日变化分析

主要评估了美国国家大气研究中心的NCAR CESM（Community Earth System Model,NCAR）和中国科学院的CAS ESM（Earth System Model,Chinese Academy of Sciences）两个地球系统模式对亚洲东部夏季气候态的模拟性能。使用NCAR CESM和CAS ESM各两种不同的水平分辨率,一共进行了4组长达19年（1998~2016年）的数值积分试验,并通过对2 m气温、降水强度和降水日变化等的分析,比较了这两个模式在亚洲东部的模拟性能。结果表明,CAS ESM和NCAR CESM均能模拟出夏季2 m气温和降水强度的大尺度分布特征,但整体上模拟得到的地表面气温偏暖、降水强度偏弱。对于降水日变化而言,观测的日降水峰值在陆地上主要发生在下午到傍晚时段,在海洋上则出现在午夜到凌晨时段。两组低分辨率试验模拟的陆地降水峰值出现过早,且无法模拟出四川盆地的夜间降水峰值和部分海洋地区凌晨或上午的降水峰值。提高分辨率对模式的模拟性能有显著的提升作用。高分辨率下,NCAR CESM和CAS ESM对陆地和海洋的降水日变化模拟性能都明显提高。对降水日变化的定量化分析表明,高分辨率CAS ESM模式对整个亚洲东部降水日变化的模拟最优。目前模式对海陆风的模拟还不太理想,未来要进一步提高模式模拟性能,需要重点完善与气温、降水过程相关的物理参数化方案。     

Impacts of Irrigation and Vegetation Growth on Summer Rainfall in the Taklimakan Desert

In recent decades, a greening tendency due to increased vegetation has been noted around the Taklimakan Desert(TD), but the impact of such a change on the local hydrological cycle remains uncertain. Here, we investigate the response of the local hydrological cycle and atmospheric circulation to a green TD in summer using a pair of global climate model(Community Earth System Model version 1.2.1) simulations. With enough irrigation to support vegetation growth in the TD, the modeling suggests first, that significant increases in local precipitation are attributed to enhanced local recycling of water, and second, that there is a corresponding decrease of local surface temperatures. On the other hand, irrigation and vegetation growth in this low-lying desert have negligible impacts on the large-scale circulation and thus the moisture convergence for enhanced precipitation. It is also found that the green TD can only be sustained by a large amount of irrigation water supply since only about one-third of the deployed water can be "recycled " locally. Considering this,devising a way to encapsulate the irrigated water within the desert to ensure more efficient water recycling is key for maintaining a sustainable, greening TD.     

Comparison of the Anthropogenic Emission Inventory for CMIP6 Models with a Country-Level Inventory over China and the Simulations of the Aerosol Properties

Anthropogenic emission inventory for aerosols and reactive gases is crucial to the estimation of aerosol radiative forcing and climate effects.Here,the anthropogenic emission inventory for AerChemMIP,endorsed by CMIP6,is briefly introduced.The CMIP6 inventory is compared with a country-level inventory(i.e.,MEIC)over China from 1986 to 2015.Discrepancies are found in the yearly trends of the two inventories,especially after 2006.The yearly trends of the aerosol burdens simulated by CESM2 using the two inventories follow their emission trends and deviate after the mid-2000s,while the simulated aerosol optical depths(AODs)show similar trends.The difference between the simulated AODs is much smaller than the difference between model and observation.Although the simulated AODs agree with the MODIS satellite retrievals for country-wide average,the good agreement is an offset between the underestimation in eastern China and the overestimation in western China.Low-biased precursor gas of SO₂,overly strong convergence of the wind field,overly strong dilution and transport by summer monsoon circulation,too much wet scavenging by precipitation,and overly weak aerosol swelling due to low-biased relative humidity are suggested to be responsible for the underestimated AOD in eastern China.This indicates that the influence of the emission inventory uncertainties on simulated aerosol properties can be overwhelmed by model biases of meteorology and aerosol processes.It is necessary for climate models to perform reasonably well in the dynamical,physical,and chemical processes that would influence aerosol simulations.     

CESM模式对东亚地区环流特征的模拟检验

利用CMAP逐月降水资料和欧洲天气预报中心ERA-interim的再分析资料,分析了CESM模式对东亚地区降水及夏季环流的模拟性能。结果表明:(1)CESM可以模拟出东亚地区大气环流、地表温度、水汽输送及降水随季节南北进退等主要特征。(2)该模式降水模拟结果与CMAP资料的对比显示,冬季降水的空间偏差主要表现为青藏高原南侧模拟降水偏多,而青藏高原西北部和日本海附近降水模拟偏少。夏季降水的空间偏差主要表现为陆地偏多,偏差最显著的区域位于青藏高原南侧,而海洋上偏少。降水偏差在季节变化上主要体现为低纬度地区雨带出现时间偏早,中高纬度地区出现时间偏晚且持续时间偏长。(3)模式模拟的夏季地表温度与ERA再分析资料相比在陆地模拟的结果明显偏低,在海洋上模拟的偏高。模式模拟的夏季500 h Pa西太副高较ERA再分析结果异常偏西至我国的江淮地区且强度偏强,这与模式模拟的夏季江淮地区降水较CMAP结果偏少密切相关。(4)夏季经向垂直环流的对比显示,模式模拟结果与ERA再分析结果的主要差异出现在青藏高原及其附近地区,模拟结果在高原的南北侧均出现明显的异常垂直环流,南侧的异常垂直环流伸展高度高,范围狭窄,这与模式模拟的夏季降水在高原南侧明显偏多有关。     

基于CESM气候模式的ENSO后报试验

基于美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)开发的通用地球系统模式(CESM),本文设计了nudging次表层海温的同化方案,进行了后报实验。对1982-2011年后报结果的分析表明,通过nudging同化,模式对ENSO现象有一定的模拟和预报能力,对赤道太平洋SST、纬向风、降水等海洋、大气要素等的后报结果与GODAS和NCEP再分析资料较接近,可以较好地重现历次厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件中异常东传的过程,超前1、3、6个月时,模式预报的Nio3指数与CPC指数的相关性分别达到0.88、0.81、0.70。但模式同时也表现出一定的春季预报障碍,秋季起报的后报效果最好,春季最差。对1982/1983和1997/1999两个厄尔尼诺事件的分析表明,模式后报的纬向风、热通量、风应力等大气变量的响应较实际滞后,而海洋的变化与实际情况相似,这与我们的同化方案设置有关,即模式只同化了次表层海温,进而强迫大气的响应,从而导致大气的变化较滞后。     

基于CESM气候模式的同化模拟实验

利用nudging方法将GODAS次表层海温资料同化到"通用地球系统模式"(CESM)中,并分析了同化后的海温、降水、海表面气压等海洋、气象要素。结果表明,同化后的模拟结果与GODAS、NCEP、GPCP等资料的结果较为一致,较好的再现了中低纬海洋和大气的平均特征和随时间演变的规律,NINO3指数的相关系数达到0.90。但模拟结果仍存在一些问题,如大西洋西边界流偏强,赤道辐合带降水偏多等。     

Sensitivity of ENSO variability to Pacific freshwater flux adjustment in the Community Earth System Model

The effects of freshwater flux （FWF） on modulating ENSO have been of great interest in recent years. Large FWF bias is evident in Coupled General Circulation Models （CGCMs）, especially over the tropical Pacific where large precipitation bias exists due to the so-called ＂double ITCZ＂ problem. By applying an empirical correction to FWF over the tropical Pacific, the sensitivity of ENSO variability is investigated using the new version （version 1.0） of the NCAR＇s Community Earth System Model （CESM1.0）, which tends to overestimate the interannual variability of ENSO accompanied by large FWF into the ocean. In response to a small adjustment of FWF, interannual variability in CESM1.0 is reduced significantly, with the amplitude of FWF being reduced due to the applied adjustment part whose sign is always opposite to that of the original FWF field. Furthermore, it is illustrated that the interannual variability of precipitation weakens as a response to the reduced interannual variability of SST. Process analysis indicates that the interannual variability of SST is damped through a reduced FWF-salt-density-mixing-SST feedback, and also through a reduced SST-wind-thermocline feedback. These results highlight the importance of FWF in modulating ENSO, and thus should be adequately taken into account to improve the simulation of FWF in order to reduce the bias of ENSO simulations by CESM.     

A two-stage inflation method in parameter estimation to com-pensate for constant parameter evolution in Community Earth System Model

Parameter estimation is defined as the process to adjust or optimize the model parameter using observations. A long-term problem in ensemble-based parameter estimation methods is that the parameters are assumed to be constant during model integration. This assumption will cause underestimation of parameter ensemble spread,such that the parameter ensemble tends to collapse before an optimal solution is found. In this work, a two-stage inflation method is developed for parameter estimation, which ...     

基于CESM预测系统对全球关键海区海温主要模态后报能力评估

基于HadISST、ERSST和OISST 3种再分析海表面温度数据集,对CESM1全球气候预测系统模拟的重点海域海温的主要模态进行了评估。结果表明,模式能够基本再现再分析资料表征的海表面温度异常时空特征,5个关键海区海表面温度异常EOF分析前两个模态,超前1个月的后报结果均有较高的可预报性。特别是热带太平洋第一模态（ENSO模态）,超前3个月的后报与再分析相关系数能够达到0.79,能够为ENSO的预报提供宝贵参考。模式不可避免的存在较多误差,空间上表现为海表面温度异常（SSTA）显著区域的范围以及位置的差异,特别值得注意的是热带印度洋SSTA第一模态存在一个伪印度洋偶极子模态,同时此海区也是3种再分析资料SSTA第一模态空间差异最大的区域;时间序列上均表现出异常高频信号和异常波动情况,误差的大小通常是由同化、超前1月后报、超前3月后报逐渐增大,体现出初始误差随着积分逐渐积累的特征。热带大西洋SSTA第一模态时间序列前5年的位相存在明显偏差,将其剔除后,其时间序列与再分析资料的相关性有实质性改善。