Wavelet analysis of inter‐annual variability in the runoff regimes of glacial and nival stream catchments,Bow Lake,Alberta

Continuous wavelet analyses of hourly time series of air temperature, stream discharge, and precipitation are used to compare the seasonal and inter‐annual variability in hydrological regimes of the two principal streams feeding Bow Lake, Banff National Park, Alberta: the glacial stream draining the Wapta Icefields, and the snowmelt‐fed Bow River. The goal is to understand how water sources and flow routing differ between the two catchments. Wavelet spectra and cross‐wavelet spectra were determined for air temperature and discharge from the two streams for summers (June–September) 1997–2000, and for rainfall and discharge for the summers of 1999 and 2000. The diurnal signal of the glacial runoff was orders of magnitude higher in 1998 than in other years, indicating that significant ice exposure and the development of channelized glacial drainage occurred as a result of the 1997–98 El Niño conditions. Early retreat of the snowpack in 1997 and 1998 led to a significant summer‐long input of melt runoff from a small area of ice cover in the Bow River catchment; but such inputs were not apparent in 1999 and 2000, when snow cover was more extensive. Rainfall had a stronger influence on runoff and followed quicker flow paths in the Bow River catchment than in the glacial catchment. Snowpack thickness and catchment size were the primary controls on the phase relationship between temperature and discharge at diurnal time scales. Wavelet analysis is a fast and effective means to characterize runoff, temperature, and precipitation regimes and their interrelationships and inter‐annual variability. The technique is effective at identifying inter‐annual and seasonal changes in the relative contributions of different water sources to runoff, and changes in the time required for routing of diurnal meltwater pulses through a catchment. However, it is less effective at identifying changes/differences in the type of the flow routing (e.g. overland flow versus through flow) between or within catchments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

动力定位系统与单波束测深仪在科考船定点作业中的应用

科考船定点作业时会受到海洋风、涌、浪、流等外界环境因素影响，导致工作效率降低，原位测量精度下降，甚至影响作业安全。动力定位系统 （DP） 具有自动定位功能，能够抵抗外界环境因素的影响，可实现科考船高精度定点控位。 单波束测深仪不仅可以测量水深，也可反映水下设备深度信息，可以起到辅助监控水下设备功能。本文在介绍定点作业施工现状与局限性的基础上，分析 DP 系统与单波束测深仪工作原理，以“向阳红 01”船为载体，在定点作业时开启 DP 系统与单波束测深仪，发现该方法可以提高科考船定点作业工作效率、原位测量精度并保障作业安全，可为其他科考船定点作业提供参考。     

Giant bow shock pairs associated with herbig-haro jets

Two pairs of giant (linear size 1 pc) bow shock structures have been discovered, each located symmetrically about HH 1/2 and HH 124. Their Herbig-Haro (HH) natures have been confirmed by narrow band CCD imaging on and off [SII] 6717/6731 and/or slit spectroscopy. Multiple bow shocks are known associated with a few HH objects such as HH 34, and are interpreted as evidence for recurrent outflow activity of the exciting sources. The giant bow shocks associated with HH 1/2 or HH 124 provide further, beautiful examples of this phenomenon and, with dynamical ages of nearly 20000 yr in both pairs, extend its timescale by more than an order of magnitude.     

上海“8.5”特大暴雨的成因和特点

利用WSR－88D多普勒雷达资料，通过分析2001年8月5日到8月6日产生于上海地区的特大暴雨过程的雷达回波特征，研究探讨这次过程的降水成因和降水特点。发现副热带高压边缘偏南气流的风速辐合、螺旋雨带中强回波短带的合并加强、风的垂直切变产生的辐合以及热带系统的高效率降水作用是这次暴雨过程的降水成因和降水特点。并提出了预报这类暴雨系统需要注意的要点：强降水回波的发生和发展加强往往和风场中的局地强辐合区相联系，利用多普勒雷达连续演变的风场资料，可及时了解辐合区的形成和演变过程，提前作出强降水可能性的预测。     

天山1号冰川厚度和冰下地形探测与冰储量分析

通过对天山乌鲁木齐河源 1号冰川的雷达回波探测 ,清晰地揭示出冰川底部冰 /岩界面的位置及其起伏变化特征 ,显示出雷达波对山地冰川良好的穿透能力和对冰下地形的高分辨能力 ,冰川雷达测厚的误差小于 1 .2 %。研究结果显示 ,1号冰川东支冰川平均厚度为 5 8.77m ,西支冰川平均厚度为 44.84m ,冰体厚度最大值发育于冰川中部趋于主流线位置。冰川冰储量计算表明 ,东支冰储量为 0 .0 5 1 868km3,西支冰储量为 0 .0 2 0 2 1 0km3。表面和底部地形有明显差异 ,主要因冰川动力过程对基岩强烈的地貌作用所致 ,意味着冰床的起伏地形对冰川浅层冰体的运动过程影响不显著。     

嵌岩桩与含沉渣桩低应变动力检测曲线理论计算方法与特征研究

根据文献[1]、[2]介绍了基桩反射波法动测正演问题的数理模型、计算方法及其通用性，并据此计算了完整嵌岩桩及有不同厚度沉渣的嵌岩桩与摩擦桩的理论曲线。提出了在一定物性参数条件下判断沉渣是否超过规定标准的方法，并给出了数个实例。     

浅议反射法混凝土厚度检测

隧道衬砌、路道、路面楼板等只有一个检测面,冲击回波法成为新的厚度及缺陷检测方法.由冲击回波法与基桩反射法的共性及特性揭示了这种方法的机理及频域与时域检测2种不同施测方法以及对激振的不同要求.用惠更斯菲涅尔带分析了水平分辨率,最后说明该种方法的技术关键.     

The response of subaqueous dunes to floods in sand and gravel bed reaches of the Dutch Rhine

Abstract The branches of the River Rhine in the Netherlands, characterized by a sand–gravel bed in the upstream part and a sand bed in the downstream part of the river system, show migrating dunes, especially during floods. In the last 20 years, these dunes have been studied extensively. High-resolution echo-sounding measurements of these dunes, made with single and multibeam equipment, were analysed for three different sections of the Rhine river system during several floods. This analysis was done to quantify the growth, decay and migration rates of the dunes during floods. In addition, the migrating dunes were used to calculate bedload transport rates with dune tracking. The results of dune growth and decay and migration rate are shown to be very different for the various sections during the various floods, and these differences are related to differences in grain size of the bed and to differences in the distribution of discharge over the main channel and the floodplain. The relations are used to show that the growth and migration rate of dunes, and the calculated bedload transport rates during the rising stage of a flood wave can be predicted from the mobility of the bed material with simple power relations.