Conclusions: Benefits, lessons learned, and future challenges of marine spatial planning

This article summarizes briefly the principal conclusions from papers presented in this special issue on marine spatial planning. It identifies potential economic, ecological, and administrative benefits (and costs) that might be realized from the implementation of MSP. Finally, the article summarize lessons learned and identifies future challenges and directions for MSP, including the development of international guidelines for its implementation.     

Social equity and the probability of success of biodiversity conservation

Conservation actions generally benefit some groups more than others, and this inequity is thought to affect the probability of achieving conservation objectives. This has led to the common assumption that triple bottom line solutions – those that are effective, efficient, and equitable – are best and most likely to achieve each individual objective. Although this may be true, it has been little tested, and importantly lacks a conceptual foundation for understanding, predicting and evaluating how equity affects conservation outcomes. We describe types of equity relevant to conservation and explore how they may affect the probability of successfully achieving conservation outcomes. Depending on the equity type and context, the relationship between equity and conservation success varies. We find that the best conservation outcome is often achieved without perfect equity; highlighting the risk of ignoring the relationship between equity and success. We offer a conceptual foundation for better addressing this important issue in future research and application.     

岩溶丘陵区的生态农业模式、建设途径与效益分析——以广西恭城县为例

为在岩溶丘陵区推广成功的生态农业示范研究和实施成果,本文在实地考察和典型调查的基础上对恭城县的生态农业模式、建设途径及效益进行了综合分析。从自然环境和社会经济等综合条件看,与广西其它岩溶丘陵区类似,恭城县也是不沿边、不沿海、不沿铁路和公路国道的“四不沿”山区县,在1981年被列为广西49个“老、少、边、山、穷”县之一。但通过生态农业建设,该县目前已经摆脱了贫困状况,创出了“恭城模式” ,走上了可持续发展道路。其生态农业的建设充分发挥了自然和社会资源优势,并将发展农村经济与生态环境综合整治相结合,取得了显著的生态、经济和社会效益。      

Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.     

省级公众气象信息服务业务系统

为适应公众气象信息服务的需求,提高公众气象服务的针对性、及时性与准确性,满足政府决策及社会广大专业用户的各类需求,改建和扩充了省级公众气象信息服务业务系统。系统包括 “12121”声讯子系统、手机短信业务子系统、公众气象信息服务分布式大型数据库、公众气象信息产品制作子系统和媒体气象信息业务子系统。分别从系统的设计思路、系统总体结构、各子系统功能及系统在投入使用后取得的效益等方面进行了概述。     

把握机遇 努力拼搏 争取铀矿地质与多种经营工作同步发展

地质局确立了“坚持找铀，大力转民，突出效益，走向‘四自’”深化改革的基本思路，及三年内应达到的目标。为实现铀矿地质与多种经营工作同步发展，必须做到解放思想，实事求是；正确预测能源发展对铀资源的需求，坚持找铀不动摇；因地制宜积极发展多种经营，增强队伍的经济实力；迅速调整队伍结构。加快进入市场的步伐。     

土壤碳固定与生物活性:面向可持续土壤管理的新前沿

土壤碳固定研究是近10年土壤学研究的重要前沿,而可持续管理的土壤固碳是当前应对气候变化和全球土壤退化的重大需求。从土壤有机碳的生态系统功能及服务出发,分析了土壤碳固定与土壤功能及生物活性的关联,评述了当前土壤碳固定与微生物活性变化的认识,探讨了土壤团聚体尺度土壤固碳与生物活性的关系,并以水稻土为例讨论了土壤碳固定中团聚体过程及其有机碳—微生物—生物活性的演进关系,提出了土壤碳库稳定性与生物活性的协同关系及其表征问题,特别是如何通过有机质—微生物—酶活性的团聚体分布揭示土壤碳固定的本质,以及良好管理下土壤固碳与生态系统功能的协同特征及其管理途径等优先科学问题。借助非破坏团聚体分组技术和现代微域原位观察分析技术,土壤学已经能从团聚体尺度深入研究土壤固碳与生物活性的土壤机制,这将全面地揭示土壤固碳对于生态系统过程、功能及服务的影响特质,进而为可持续土壤固碳和农田有机质提升,为固碳减排与农田生产力提升及土壤环境服务改善协同发展提供科学依据和管理的政策依据。     

德钦县城地质灾害成因及治理效益评价

分析德钦县城地质灾害多发原因,针对特殊的地质环境采取的灾害治理的措施取得的治理效益评价。     

人工增雨的社会效应和应采取的对策与措施

在分析 2000年人工增雨作业实践和所产生的社会、经济效益的基础上，提出我省人工影响天气减灾对策和应采取的服务措施，使人工影响天气科学能为城乡减灾作出更多的贡献。     

氟化盐母液综合利用及效益分析

以湿法生产氟化盐工艺过程中所排放的母液为原料,利用母液中的氟、铝和硅等资源,采用化工同元溶解的原理,其工艺路线为氯化钠脱硅—脱硅后的母液合成冰晶石—加石灰中和除氟、除酸。其关键技术为氯化钠脱硅:投入过量氯化钠,使母液中氟硅酸根转化成副产品氟硅酸钠,母液被精制;再加入精制氢氟酸与各形态铝合成冰晶石副产品,从而有效地提高了氟、铝和硅的收率。半工业化实验结果表明:计算年产4 000 t氟化铝产品的母液,企业可回收产品氟化铝140 t,生产副产品氟硅酸钠238 t、冰晶石206 t、中和残渣375 t,每年可获效益140万元人民币。