莱茵河与湘江（下）

二次世界大战后，德国和荷兰的经济发展很快，10到20年就使工业、农业和交通十分发达，到1990年德国人均国民总值达21475美元，荷兰达17000美元，居世界前列。但在经济调整发展的过程中，没有重视环境保护，尤其是对莱茵河的保护，从而产生了最严重的后果。     

Numerical simulation and preliminary analysis on ocean waves during Typhoon Nesat in South China Sea and adjacent areas

Using the wave model WAVEWATCH III(WW3), we simulated the generation and propagation of typhoon waves in the South China Sea and adjacent areas during the passage of typhoon Nesat(2011). In the domain 100°–145°E and 0°–35°N, the model was forced by the cross-calibrated multi-platform(CCMP) wind fi elds of September 15 to October 5, 2011. We then validated the simulation results against wave radar data observed from an oil platform and altimeter data from the Jason-2 satellite. The simulated waves were characterized by fi ve points along track using the Spectrum Integration Method(SIM) and the Spectrum Partitioning Method(SPM), by which wind sea and swell components of the 1D and 2D wave spectra are separated. There was reasonable agreement between the model results and observations, although the WW3 wave model may underestimate swell wave height. Signifi cant wave heights are large along the typhoon track and are noticeably greater on the right of the track than on the left. Swells from the east are largely unable to enter the South China Sea because of the obstruction due to the Philippine Islands. During the initial stage and later period of the typhoon, swells at the fi ve points were generated by the propagation of waves that were created by typhoons Haitang and Nalgae. Of the two methods, the 2D SPM method is more accurate than the 1D SIM which overestimates the separation frequency under low winds, but the SIM method is more convenient because it does not require wind speed and wave direction. When the typhoon left the area, the wind sea fractions decreased rapidly. Under similar wind conditions, the points located in the South China Sea are affected less than those points situated in the open sea because of the infl uence of the complex internal topography of the South China Sea. The results reveal the characteristic wind sea and swell features of the South China Sea and adjacent areas in response to typhoon Nesat, and provide a reference for swell forecasting and offshore structural designs.     

美国NOAA2008财年绩效指标完成情况评介

一 引言 美国在二次世界大战时期,气象事业获得极大发展,并且以数值天气预报试验首先在美国获得成功为标志,从20世纪中后期开始,逐步确定了其国际气象大国和强国的地位。美国国家气象活动的绩效指标体系,在上个世纪末逐渐显现,而促进这一体系不断完善,特别是所有政府部门都要提出和按照这一体系进行年度绩效考核评估,则是因为1993年生效的美国《政府效绩法规》（Government Performance and Results Act,GPRA）起到了决定性的作用。     

国家气象部门和组织最新进展介绍

新西兰 新西兰政府从1861年就开始提供气象服务,1874年在海洋部建立了独立的预报服务系统。二次世界大战在1939年爆发时,气象服务又成为新西兰皇家空军的一项职责。军事和国内航空的发展,对于气象服务提出了大量的新需求。战后,气象与航空之间的这种联系就保持了下来,新西兰气象局（NZMS）成为具有部分航空职责的部门。从20世纪80年代起,     

主编手记

<正>人类与生俱来就拥有三大原始的科学梦想,上天、入地和下海。随着科学技术的迅猛发展,尤其是两次世界大战及其结束后的近百年时间,科技已经帮助人类将幻想中的诸多不可能转化为现实。虽然目前人类还无法在太空中走得     

“第三次世界大战可能从这里开始”——环保名义下的北极资源争夺战

5月27日,丹麦、俄罗斯、美国、加拿大和挪威五国高官在格陵兰岛举行会议,商讨如何解决北极领土归属争端。这是北冰洋沿岸五国争夺北极领土资源的最新举动。五国在声明中说:"我们将根据国际法采取行动……确保保护和保存北冰洋脆弱的环境。     

从“寥若晨星”到“满天星斗”——世界政治地图百年巨变

对于20世纪，人们可以从无数角度予以标定：科学昌明的世纪，生产力空前发展的世纪，人类开始进入太空的世纪，触发了两次世界大战的世纪，人口爆炸增长的世纪，自然资源极度消耗和莫大浪费的世纪．物种加剧灭绝的世纪，污染极其严重的世纪……可谓不一而足。在这里，我们用世界政治地图翻天覆地的变化来谈谈20世纪的突出特征，那就是全球国家数目是如何从“寥若晨星“到“满天星斗“的。为证明这一点．大概无需多说，只要摆上两幅地图，稍加对比．再做些必要的解释．便足以真相大白了。