浅谈地震灾害符号体系构建的理论框架

地震灾害符号的研究已经成为地震应急工作的一项重要内容,本文借助于符号学及传播学的方法论,在分析地震灾害符号的符号学内涵、使用人群和传播内容的基础上,探讨了地震灾害符号体系的特点及构建原则。地震本身的特殊性和破坏性决定了地震灾害符号体系的特殊性和时间性,本文在遵循实用性、主次性及概括性三个原则的前提下,提出了一套地震灾害符号体系构建的理论框架,可为地震灾害符号体系的构建和深入研究提供参考。     

现代海图符号研究

海图符号是制图者和读图者进行空间认知与信息传输的载体,是连接海图制图学与符号学的桥梁。现代海图符号使人们使用海图进行海洋空间认知更加贴近现实,使海洋地理空间信息的传输更加准确和形象。提出现代海图符号的基本概念,分析现代海图符号发展特点及存在问题,并就现代海图符号的研究与开发应用提出观点。     

Symbol Store: sharing map symbols for emergency management

Maps are a primary means for supporting information sharing and collaboration in emergency management and crisis situations. While a variety of formalized map symbol standards for emergency contexts exist, they have not been widely adopted by mapmakers. Informal symbol conventions are commonly used within emergency management stakeholder groups, but until now there has not been a flexible mechanism for discovering, sharing, and previewing these symbol sets among mapmakers. In this paper, we describe the design and development of the Symbol Store, a visually enabled, web-based interactive tool intended to help mapmakers share point symbols. The Symbol Store allows users to browse symbols by keyword, category tags, and contributors. It also allows for symbols to be previewed on realistic maps prior to download. An initial prototype of the Symbol Store was evaluated by flood mapping experts from the State of California, and the results of this user study led to multiple refinements now implemented in the public version of Symbol Store located at www.symbolstore.org.     

Colour Hue and Texture Evaluation for 3D Symbolization of Indoor Environments Using RGB-D Data

In this work an evaluation procedure of the use of colour hue and texture for 3D symbolization of indoor environments using RGB-D data is presented. The main characteristics of the proposed method involve RGB-D cameras to collect colour and depth data and the evaluation of the visual variables colour hue and texture combined with visual aspects such as lighting and camera configuration for the symbolization of 3D indoor environments. High quality coloured point clouds of indoor environments are obtained with the Kinect sensor and then registered and processed in order to create 3D models. These sets of point clouds can be detected, recognized and classified under one of the three following main categories: ceiling, wall or floor. After classification is done, the resulting point clouds are properly treated as 3D triangular meshes in the MeshLab software. These meshes are then filtered to form complete surfaces which are then refined before being considered for visual variable application. We evaluated the proposed method on several indoor environments to show that it efficiently combines the colour and depth data obtained from RGB-D cameras with different parameters defined for the visual variables colour hue and texture for 3D symbolization of indoor environments.     

The lay of the language: surveying the cartographic characteristics of language maps

Although visible in research in the 1980s and 1990s, works concerning language-mapping issues are recently rather absent. This is an unfortunate oversight given current GIS capability and its potential to tackle visualization issues that were previously simply acknowledged and accepted. Given that there are no established guidelines for language map construction, this work aims to renew attention to language mapping, beginning with a survey documenting the characteristics of published language maps. The survey components address the problematic aspects described in the literature, such as boundary representation and depicting linguistic diversity, and reveal their usage and frequency. The noted map characteristics include, but are not limited to: publication type, publication year, coverage area, language data or variable used, and symbology details. For consistent classification, we use a language-map symbology classification scheme found in previous research. In general, chorochromatic maps using polygonal map units dominate our survey. We also find further evidence supporting the problems outlined in language mapping literature with the widespread use of solid-line boundaries and depiction of only one language or feature per place. However, we also note some unique strategies used for handling uncertainty and linguistic plurality. Observations of tactics not captured by the existing 20-year-old typology lead us to create an updated language map symbology typology consistent with the trends observed in our survey. Overall, we document language mapping strategies in practice and provide direction for future research by highlighting the pros and cons of current cartographic approaches for depicting language.     

现代地图学特点及学科体系

在分析传统地图学特点及学科体系、综合自 2 0世纪 6 0年代以来科学技术发展新成就在地图学研究中应用的基础上 ,系统地总结了现代地图学的新特点 ,提出了面向 2 1世纪的地图学学科体系结构。     

Map Symbols for Crisis Mapping: Challenges and Prospects

Crisis maps and visualizations utilized routinely by international agencies, humanitarian organizations, and non-governmental organizations for aid and relief activities commonly require complex sets of map symbols. However, effective map symbology for humanitarian relief purposes entails several challenges, including consideration of the following: (1) taxonomy development, (2) symbol design issues, (3) promulgation and sharing of map symbols, and (4) standardization of symbols within and among organizations. This paper discusses these key challenges to the design and use of crisis map symbology through a review of the cartographic literature as well as results collected from a survey targeted at humanitarian organizations from around the world. The survey was designed to gather information on current symbology design and use practices in order to understand common challenges. Survey results confirm agreement in the persistence of these four primary symbology challenges, especially the importance of intuitive symbol design. Respondents disagreed most about the adequacy of current crisis map symbology standards as well as the ease in which standards may be implemented within and across organizations. Survey results suggest the need for expert systems designed specifically for symbology design to support humanitarian relief activities.