A rooftop tuned mass damper frame

This article documents the analytical study and feasibility of placing a tuned mass damper in the form of a limber rooftop moment frame atop relatively stiff structures to reduce seismic acceleration response. Six existing structures were analytically studied using a suite of time history and response spectra records. The analyses indicate that adding mass in conjunction with a limber frame results in an increase in the fundamental period of each structure. The fundamental period increase generally results in a decrease in seismic acceleration response for the same time history and response spectra records. Owing to the limber nature of the rooftop frames, non‐linear analysis methods were required to evaluate the stability of the rooftop tuned mass damper frame. The results indicate the addition of a rooftop tuned mass damper frame reduces the seismic acceleration response for most cases although acceleration response can increase if the rooftop frame is not tuned to accommodate the specific structure's dynamic behaviour and localized soil conditions. Appropriate design of the rooftop tuned mass damper frame can result in decreased seismic acceleration response. This translates to safer structures if used as a retrofit measure or a more economical design if used for new construction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城内外屋顶面附近风.温特征的初步分析

本文以低纬高原城市昆明城区为研究对象,利用城内外屋顶面附近的风·温实测资料,分析了研究较少的,做为城市第二热力面的城市内外屋顶附近的风·温特征、变化规律及其差异,得到了一些有益的结果,可为探讨城市区域内屋顶面对城市气候形成的作用和机制、城市气候的深入研究,以及城市建筑的规划、设计提供依据。     

中小尺度下植被冠层对屋顶表面温度的调控效应分析

随着城市化进程的加快,城市热岛问题日益严重,对人类健康和城市可持续发展产生了巨大威胁。植被可有效遮蔽阳光直射,并通过蒸腾作用降低气温,是改善局部热环境的重要途径之一。开展植被对建筑物温度的调控效应的研究,对于理解城市热岛成因、缓解城市热环境恶化等方面都有重要意义。然而,当前研究往往是在遥感影像的基础上进行的,缺乏植被结构信息,同时,受制于有限的空间分辨率,研究大多在城市尺度下开展。在中小尺度上定量地研究植被冠层密度对建筑物温度的影响仍然具有一定挑战性。鉴于此,本文使用激光雷达（Light Detection and Ranging, LiDAR）获取的高分辨率冠层密度数据,在楼间尺度和街区尺度下开展圣罗莎市三维植被结构与单体建筑物表面温度之间定量关系的研究,分析不同尺度下植被冠层的降温特征及其在局部环境中的降温贡献。结果表明：植被对建筑物的降温作用与其周围的冠层密度有密切关系：冠层密度需达到17%才能起到有效的降温作用,其中在中小尺度上冠层密度分别高于30%和40%时,能最大限度发挥植被的温度调控功能;当冠层密度相同时,2个尺度下的温度变化显著不同：随着冠层密度的增加,街区尺度下的屋顶温度比楼间尺度下的屋顶温度平均下降了0.89 ℃;中小尺度下的屋顶温度变化不仅受到其周围植被结构的影响,还与整体热环境状况有关。本文的研究思路与结果有助于在有限的城区土地资源上合理规划绿地建设,构建可持续的人类宜居环境。     

利用层间连接和平滑策略重建屋顶三维模型

面向数字城市和智慧城市建设急需城市建筑三维模型支撑的需要,本文基于机载LiDAR数据,以“顾及平整性的屋顶面片分割—屋顶层间连接—三维模型重建”为脉络,提出了一种采用层间连接和平滑策略的建筑屋顶三维模型重建方法。在屋顶面片提取过程中,充分顾及了屋顶面片的平整性;并在屋顶面片平整基础上,提出层间连接点的概念,以实现高效、快速的模型重建工作。试验部分,本文从屋顶面片重建完整率与正确率、重建几何精度及建筑物高程对于重建的影响3个方面作了较为详尽的评价与分析,并在国际摄影测量与遥感学会标准数据集支撑下,与国际同行进行试验对比。试验结果表明,建筑屋顶重建的完整率和正确率分别达到90%和95%;在偏移距离评价方面,平均偏移距离和标准差最优分别达0.05 m和0.18 m。因此,本文方法可有效完成建筑屋顶三维模型重建,重建模型准确度高、完整性好。     

Heat release from rooftops during rainstorms in the Minneapolis/St. Paul Metropolitan Area,USA

In the modeling of urban storm water runoff temperatures, the contribution of rooftops to the heating of rainfall runoff is usually neglected or not mentioned in the literature. In this paper we examine the accuracy of this assumption (a) by analyzing temperature data that we recorded on a residential rooftop, a commercial rooftop, and a concrete driveway, and (b) by simulating temperature profiles within rooftops and pavements, and estimating heat transfer amounts from these surfaces to rainfall runoff (‘heat export’). Analysis of both wet‐ and dry‐weather temperature data recorded in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area (north‐central USA) over periods of several months leads to the conclusion that (a) a concrete driveway has a far greater capacity for heat storage and release than a shingled residential rooftop, and (b) an insulated commercial rooftop is able to store and release more heat than the residential rooftop. Unexpectedly, the rainfall events with the highest dew point (rainfall) and surface temperatures often occurred during late night or early morning hours, and not during daylight hours. The analysis of three rainfall events showed that the heat export from the commercial rooftop was roughly three times that of the residential rooftop, but only 30%–90% of the heat export from a concrete driveway. Maximum (potential) heat export was significantly higher for the driveway than for either rooftop. In conclusion, the results of the data analysis and heat export simulations support the assumption that residential rooftops contribute very little heating to runoff from rainfall, while commercial rooftops may have a thermal impact on rainfall runoff because of their greater thermal storage capacity. Commercial rooftops, in addition to asphalt and concrete pavements, should be considered when estimating water temperature of rainfall runoff from urbanized areas and the associated impact on the thermal regime of streams and fish habitat. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

激光雷达数据的建筑物光伏潜力评估

针对如何规模化、定量化评估城市建筑物尺度光伏发电潜力,充分、有效利用太阳能资源,实现建筑物能源自给自足目标的问题,该文通过利用机载激光雷达数据,批量获取建筑物屋顶相关信息,借助三维立体模型确定太阳能板的安装区域,进行区域建筑物表面光伏发电潜力评估。以山东建筑大学校园内13栋建筑物屋顶为例,基于ArcGISPro提供的太阳辐射分析工具获取实验区域2016年逐月太阳辐射数据。实验结果显示,该区域年均太阳辐射强度为1160.7kW·h/m2,通过实例分析验证了基于建筑物表面的光伏发电容量在建筑物能源供给中具有重要作用。同时,文章对实验区域建筑物光伏发电潜力月度容量进行分析,得出一年中的高峰时段为5—7月,而冬季的11月份到次年2月份是低谷期。文章利用机载激光雷达数据批量获取建筑物屋顶定量信息,对区域建筑物尺度光伏发电潜力评估做了初步的尝试及若干思考,实践证明该方法是引导太阳能资源开发利用的一种有效途径。     

Nonlinear rooftop tuned mass damper frame for the seismic retrofit of buildings

Numerical studies of existing buildings demonstrate the effectiveness of nonlinear/inelastic rooftop tuned mass damper frames (NRTMDF) used as a retrofit for reducing seismic response. The technique utilizes a rooftop penthouse as a tuned mass damper with mass incorporated as the roof deck of the penthouse while targeted nonlinearity and energy dissipation are introduced through buckling restrained braces (BRBs) linking the penthouse mass to the structure below. The writers summarize numerical studies of ten existing buildings modified with a specifically tuned NRTMDF. The studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique that stems from elastic and transient inelastic period shifts enabled by the damper coupled with targeted energy dissipation in the penthouse BRBs. Numerical simulations using response nonlinear time‐history analysis techniques show that for many structures and sites, the NRTMDF decreases peak transient response and overall seismic demand of the original structure. The technique also reduces seismic demand on nonstructural elements and components, manifested as reductions in floor acceleration spectra. Energy methods show that the approach enables significant reductions in energy demand on the original structure through the complete earthquake acceleration history. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.