Estimating Climate-Change Impacts on Colorado Plateau Snowpack Using Downscaling Methods

This study develops observed climate-based downscaling transfer functions that are used with general circulation model (GCM) output to assess potential global-change impacts on Upper Colorado Plateau, USA, water resources. Daily automated snow water equivalent stations are used with 700 mb atmospheric circulation to determine empirical transfer functions. Downscaling methodologies using multiple regression and neural networks are evaluated, with the neural network results explaining approximately 70%of the daily snowfall variance. The neural network-based transfer functions are used with the GENESIS GCM to simulate snowfall characteristics in both a 1xCO₂ and a 2xCO₂ climate. While the total precipitation simulated by the 2xCO₂ analysis remains nearly the same as today, less will fall as snow; specifically, snow water equivalence shows significant reduction (except in the Green River Basin) as the snow season is reduced by 58 days on average.     

Material flow analysis for an industry—A case study in packaging

The basic materials used in packaging are glass, metals (primarily aluminum and steel), an ever-growing range of plastics, paper and paperboard, wood, textiles for bags, and miscellaneous other materials (such as glues, inks, and other supplies). They are fabricated into rigid, semirigid, or flexible containers. The most common forms of these containers include cans, drums, bottles, cartons, boxes, bags, pouches, and wraps. Packaging products are, for the most part, low cost, bulky products that are manufactured close to their customers. There is virtually no import or export of packaging products. A material flow analysis can be developed that looks at all inputs to an industrial sector, inventories the losses in processing, and tracks the fate of the material after its useful life. An example is presented that identifies the material inputs to the packaging industry, and addresses the ultimate fate of the materials used.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192.     

可食性壳聚糖包装膜的制备及其性质研究

以壳聚糖为成膜剂 ,以体积比为 1 %的乙酸水溶液为溶剂配制成壳聚糖成膜液 ,在成膜液中加入硬脂酸 ,用流涎法分别制成壳聚糖简单可食性包装膜和壳聚糖硬脂酸复合可食性包装膜。对膜的性能如抗拉强度、伸长率、水蒸气透过率、气体透过率、折痕等进行了分析。结果表明 ,膜性能的优劣与壳聚糖、硬脂酸等含量及成膜时的条件有关。     

基于气象规范的电线积冰自动监测系统的研究

针对目前气象领域内电线积冰人工观测工作强度大、效率低、准确率差,而且观测数据不连续、无实时性等现状,提出了以气象规范中使用的电线架为基础而构建的电线积冰自动监测系统。系统不仅能实时连续地监测并显示积冰的重量,而且具有防水、防冻、易装配等特点。经过贵州省威宁县野外场地实测后,系统监测到了连续的积冰重量数据,达到了预期的日的。这将有助于气象部门降低电线积冰观测的劳动强度、提高观测效率以及准确率。     

Thermal diffusivity of light-emitting diode packaging material determined by photoacoustic piezoelectric technique

Thermal property is one of the most important properties of light-emitting diode (LED). Thermal property of LED packaging material determines the heat dissipations of the phosphor and the chip surface, accordingly having an influence on the light-emitting efficiency and the life-span of the device. In this paper, photoacoustic piezoelectric (PAPE) technique has been employed to investigate the thermal properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and silicon dioxide, which are the new and the traditional packaging materials in white LED, respectively. Firstly, the theory of PAPE technique has been developed for two-layer model in order to investigate soft materials; secondly, the experimental system has been set up and adjusted by measuring the reference sample; thirdly, the thermal diffusivities of PVA and silicon dioxide are measured and analysed. The experimental results show that PVA has a higher thermal diffusivity than silicon dioxide and is a better packaging material in the sense of thermal diffusivity for white LED.     

新疆红枣消费者购买行为:包装偏好、购买渠道与支付水平

基于北京和上海429位消费者的抽样调查,采用Logistic模型,研究消费者对新疆红枣的购买行为及影响因素.结果表明:北京和上海消费者都偏好购买超市的袋装红枣,年支出水平多在300元以下.年龄、收入、购买目的均影响两地消费者购买新疆红枣,此外,外观和质量认知对北京消费者购买行为有显著影响,上海消费者还受性别、受教育程度及营养认知的影响.最后为新疆红枣产业的市场拓展提出建议,包括加大宣传力度、明确市场定位和保证红枣质量.     

Estimating Climate-Change Impacts on Colorado Plateau Snowpack Using Downscaling Methods

This study develops observed climate-based downscaling transfer functions that are used with general circulation model (GCM) output to assess potential global-change impacts on Upper Colorado Plateau, USA, water resources. Daily automated snow water equivalent stations are used with 700 mb atmospheric circulation to determine empirical transfer functions. Downscaling methodologies using multiple regression and neural networks are evaluated, with the neural network results explaining approximately 70%of the daily snowfall variance. The neural network-based transfer functions are used with the GENESIS GCM to simulate snowfall characteristics in both a 1xCO₂ and a 2xCO₂ climate. While the total precipitation simulated by the 2xCO₂ analysis remains nearly the same as today, less will fall as snow; specifically, snow water equivalence shows significant reduction (except in the Green River Basin) as the snow season is reduced by 58 days on average.     

高效地图缓存分包封装技术研究与实现

论述了一种高性能的地图缓存的分包封装技术。通过高效的算法,将大数据量的缓存瓦片封装为多个独立缓存瓦片包。并通过多线程等并行技术,有效地提升了缓存的生成效率,加快缓存的读取速度,降低缓存分发、部署难度。该技术较好地解决了大数据量下缓存数据存储复杂性的问题。     

基于Docker的射电干涉阵软件系统敏捷封装与部署

随着天文技术的发展,天文数据处理软件的需求也不断更迭变化,导致软件运行环境渐趋复杂。对于开发者和使用者,急需提出一种对复杂天文数据处理软件敏捷化封装和部署的方法。我国明安图射电频谱日像仪已进入常规观测,与之配套的数据处理软件也已完成开发并投入使用。由于该软件的部署涉及操作系统环境、图形处理器运行环境及底层依赖软件等配置问题,导致安装过程既繁琐又容易出错。结合容器技术的特点,提出了一种基于Docker容器对日像仪软件系统进行敏捷封装与部署的方法,并对该方法的设计进行介绍,通过实验验证了其可用性,以及相比于传统虚拟机可获得较优异的性能表现。该方法可为未来天文数据处理软件的封装部署提供参考。可以预见,未来容器技术将成为天文海量数据处理的基础支撑技术。     

生物可降解聚乳酸塑料包装产品的生命周期评价——以中国天津为例（英文）

本文采用生命周期评价（LCA）的方法,从原料获取、原料运输、产品生产、产品使用和最终处置五个阶段对可降解聚乳酸（PLA）包装塑料的能耗和环境影响进行了评价和量化。并选择7个影响类别进行影响分析：非生物耗竭潜力（ADP）、全球变暖潜力（GWP）、酸化潜力（AP）、富营养化潜力（EP）、光化学臭氧形成潜力（POCP）、人类毒性潜力（HTP）和陆地生态毒性潜力（TETP）。通过对生命周期评价结果的讨论,发现对环境影响最大的是产品生产环节。同时,在整个生命周期中,环境影响排名前三的类别分别为GWP、ADP和HTP,分别占32.63%、24.83%和14.01%。根据LCA的研究结果,减少环境影响的途径有：降低电耗、增加新能源的投入、提高生产过程中物料的转化率、使用有机和水溶性肥料代替传统肥料、使用环保型燃料建立完善的回收体系。