Management of the commons for biodiversity: lessons from the North Pacific

The North Pacific has the world's largest groundfish fisheries, with a value in excess of $1 billion annually. The North Pacific also is home to the largest population of Steller sea lions (SSL), an ancient species that is now endangered. Decline of the western stock of SSL in the 1970–1990s coincided with the US nationalization and exponential growth in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands groundfish fishery.The article treats five aspects of the competition between the fishery and protection of the endangered species. First, we analyze competition of interests in the use, management, and preservation of the North Pacific commons, including offshore and near-shore fisheries, environmental organizations, governments (federal, state, and local), and the scientific community. Second, the article compares and contrasts provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the Magnuson–Stevens Act (as amended in 1996 by the Sustainable Fisheries Act).Third, we examine the regulatory environment with a focus on the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and its relationship to the North Pacific Fishery Management Council. We illustrate how NMFS establishes fishery management plans and the methods, such as crafting biological opinions and environmental-impact-statements, it uses to resolve conflicts. Fourth, we investigate how the dual pressures on the agency—to increase fisheries production for the benefit of the industry and to preserve endangered marine species—have affected its culture (behavioral norms and operational codes). Then, the article explains agency changes in terms of crises, competition among affected interests, and development of new scientific knowledge.The article concludes by drawing lessons from the SSL controversy in the North Pacific which may pertain to national and global biodiversity conflicts. These concern the role of law in biodiversity protection, the role of science, and agency capacity for change.     

浅谈建筑设计企业的数据中心建设

信息系统数据和计算能力逐步集中的发展趋势以及信息系统逐步成为企业核心业务的支撑,使得企业数据中心的作用越来越重要。如何搞好数据中心建设,保障数据系统的安全、稳定运行,成为信息主管首先要考虑的问题。首先讨论数据中心的作用和数据中心与信息系统之间的关系,然后介绍一个目前在国际上处于领先水平、防护等级最高的数据中心的实例,最后论述数据中心的实施对策。     

浅谈建筑设计与室内设计的联系与协调

针对现今在设计过程中建筑设计和室内设计的不协调，阐述了建筑设计和室内设计的相关概念及内在联系，分析了造成这种不协调的原因，并提出解决两者协调一致的方法。     

国土空间规划:生态环境类单幅总图的研制

生态环境类单幅总图是国土空间规划编制的重要内容,是落实生态环境空间管控,促进生态环境与社会经济协调发展,实现一张蓝图干到底的重要支撑。探讨空间规划生态单幅总图和环境单幅总图的编制要点与技术方法,并以福建省为例,研制生态环境空间战略目标、空间结构与重点任务。在案例研究中,制定了福建省“三屏、六廊、十四片区”的生态安全格局建设方案,以及空间差异化的环境管控方案,并在空间上落实了生态环境治理的重点区域和重大生态环境治理工程。通过探讨生态环境类单幅总图编制与生态环境类专项规划的关系,阐明省级规划指导市、县等下层级空间规划生态环境单幅总图编制的原则与方法,是落实空间规划对生态环境保护空间指引的创新与实践。     

陈国达的科学哲学思想与理论自主创新

对我国著名地质学家陈国达院士的科学哲学思想作了探讨,其主要内容有:历史动力法是复杂性哲学思想与地质科学思想相结合的产物;递进思想是辩证否定观在大地构造理论发展中的胜利;地洼学说的理论结构与发展纲领是与拉卡托斯科学哲学思想不谋而合的。研究陈国达科学哲学思想对指导科学研究无疑具有重大的理论意义和现实意义。     

小卫星数据的变化监测能力分析

为了促进小卫星数据在地质灾害监测中的应用与推广,本文以监测采矿图斑变化为目标,通过对北京地区的2006年和2007年两期北京一号小卫星4m全色影像采用正射校正、配准和迭加对比的方法发现变化信息。结合1∶50 000影像图、野外调查和测量,确定变化图斑的边界、变化原因和规模,并对小卫星全色图像的变化监测能力进行分析和总结。本文通过对小卫星4m全色影像数据的分析,基本上可以概括出其变化监测能力。     

胜利油区孤岛油田馆上段沉积模式研究

根据结构单元、岩石粒度分析、河流形态参数等特征,对比Miall的 16种河流分类方案,胜利油区孤岛油田馆上段属于细粒曲流河沉积。其中洪泛平原细粒 (FF)、决口扇 (CS)和侧向加积砂坝 (LA)结构单元发育,其次是天然堤(LV)和决口水道 (CR)结构单元。河流曲率P大于 2.2,河道宽度 10 0～ 30 0m,河流曲率波长 10 0 0～ 1770m。河流可能临近河口湾,海平面的波动影响着砂体的发育。     

Re-orientation of the city plan: Strategic planning and design competition in China

Rather than being abandoned along with the demise of the centrally planned economy, city planning as a profession is flourishing in China. New hybrid plans such as strategic development plans (concept plans) have been invented, and the planning procedure has become more flexible. Design competition and planning consultancy are widespread. This paper examines the development of new strategic development plans and design competition. It is argued that city planning has been re-orientated from a technical rationale, i.e. allocating state development projects to the city, to the imperative derived from market-oriented development, i.e. consolidating competitiveness during inter-city competition. The contradiction between market and planning is that while the status of city planning has been raised and its approach is becoming more strategic, the actual functionality of city planning has become more instrumental.     

行业发展时局综述与可持续发展思考

随着国民经济的持续快速发展和城镇化进程的加快,建筑业作为国民经济的重要行业迎来了难得历史机遇,建筑设计行业作为建筑业的重要组成部分,发挥着越来越重要的作用。随着经济增长方式地转变和产业结构调整地不断深入,建筑设计行业来到了历史发展的关键点,如何落实科学发展观,实现行业发展健康、可持续并始终引领建筑业发展,应引行业从业人员地重视与思考。     

浅析新型城镇化的土地支撑

新型城镇化要以人为本,是推进以人为核心的城镇化,提高城镇人口素质和居民生活质量,要把促进有能力在城镇稳定就业和生活的常住人口有序实现市民化作为首要任务。新型城镇化需要土地支撑,要解决人地失调的突出问题,要把实现人地和谐作为主要目标,坚持耕地保护与节约集约用地的基本国策,发挥规划的龙头作用和计划的管控作用,有序推进土地制度改革。