Indoor localization for pedestrians with real-time capability using multi-sensor smartphones

ABSTRACT

The localization of persons or objects usually refers to a position determined in a spatial reference system. Outdoors, this is usually accomplished with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, the automatic positioning of people in GNSS-free environments, especially inside of buildings (indoors) poses a huge challenge. Indoors, satellite signals are attenuated, shielded or reflected by building components (e.g. walls or ceilings). For selected applications, the automatic indoor positioning is possible based on different technologies (e.g. WiFi, RFID, or UWB). However, a standard solution is still not available. Many indoor positioning systems are only suitable for specific applications or are deployed under certain conditions, e.g. additional infrastructures or sensor technologies. Smartphones, as popular cost-effective multi-sensor systems, is a promising indoor localization platform for the mass-market and is increasingly coming into focus. Today’s devices are equipped with a variety of sensors that can be used for indoor positioning. In this contribution, an approach to smartphone-based pedestrian indoor localization is presented. The novelty of this approach refers to a holistic, real-time pedestrian localization inside of buildings based on multi-sensor smartphones and easy-to-install local positioning systems. For this purpose, the barometric altitude is estimated in order to derive the floor on which the user is located. The 2D position is determined subsequently using the principle of pedestrian dead reckoning based on user's movements extracted from the smartphone sensors. In order to minimize the strong error accumulation in the localization caused by various sensor errors, additional information is integrated into the position estimation. The building model is used to identify permissible (e.g. rooms, passageways) and impermissible (e.g. walls) building areas for the pedestrian. Several technologies contributing to higher precision and robustness are also included. For the fusion of different linear and non-linear data, an advanced algorithm based on the Sequential Monte Carlo method is presented.     

气象信息传输中WLAN的安全应用

为保证WLAN内的数据安全,通过对主动及被动攻击方式的特点进行分析,提供了硬件路由器的设置,网络版杀毒软件的安装及VPN的设置等用于具体防范,使WLAN能在气象信息传输中更安全应用。     

面向室内WLAN定位的动态自适应模型

提出了一种面向无线局域网(wireless local area network,WLAN)位置指纹匹配定位的动态自适应模型,借助多个基站的实时数据为稳健室内定位提供更新的匹配数据库——radio map。基于基站与radio map采样点之间的空间关联性,将基站数据和radio map分别作为多层神经网络的输入和输出,动态更新radio map;利用多元数据异常探测技术检验基站数据捕获环境的时空变化;根据探测结果采用顾及室内布局的数值内插和再训练的方式更新模型,从而使其适应环境的时空变化。在室内动态环境中进行了多次验证试验。试验结果显示,在时变因素作用下,相比较传统方法,采用所提模型的定位方法的平均误差至少下降10%;在空间变化因素(以信标移动为例)作用下,其他方法平均定位误差大幅增加了至少165%,而采用所提模型方法的平均定位误差只增加了10%~20%,定位精度维持在3m左右(即原始精度)。结果证明采用了所提模型的定位系统能够自适应环境的时空变化而保持原有定位表现。不过,与传统位置指纹匹配定位方法相比,该模型带来了更多的计算负荷。     

基于802.1x/EAP的WLAN安全认证分析与应用研究

目前气象部门内WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network,无线局域网)的应用部署日益广泛,但对其安全接入却没有提出过较为合理的设计与规划,由WLAN引起的安全漏洞给整个信息网络系统带来很大隐患。基于802.1x/EAP(Extensible Authentication Protocol,可扩展验证协议)的安全认证分析,通过比较几种EAP认证方式,优选了安全性较高的EAP-TLS(Transport Layer Security,传输层安全),并详细阐述了EAP-TLS的认证原理与密钥导出机制,分析了其在集中化WLAN架构下的认证过程。结合气象部门业务需求对集中化WLAN的试验环境构建进行了介绍,并对各个组件的功能进行了描述,验证了EAP-TLS认证方式的可行性,结合现有系统现状对基于802.1x/EAP认证的WLAN在气象业务中的应用部署提出了两点需考虑的实际问题,即认证服务器和DHCP服务器的可靠性与可用性。     

GPS天线阵列变形监测系统设计及应用

GPS是监测大坝以及滑坡安全的有效手段。但是成本过高是限制其发展的关键问题,文中提出的GPS天线阵列变形监测系统很好地解决了这些问题,该系统利用GPS多天线共享器,有效降低了设备成本。此系统已长期运行于云南省漫湾水电站,通过实践证明GPS天线阵列监测系统拥有与常规GPS监测方法相当的精度,但大大降低了监测系统的成本。     

基于LXI总线的接口转换器的设计

LXI是安捷伦公司和VXI科技公司联合提出的一种新型仪器接口规范,它最大的特点是基于以太网技术,可满足于组建网络化测试系统,是新一代总线标准的代表。介绍了LXI总线的产生以及技术特点,提出一种基于LXI总线协议的接口转换器的设计方案,详细说明了硬件的设计、触发方式的选择、接口驱动及模块间的通信。     

基于最大传输机会的无线网格网络拥塞缓解策略

在无线网格网下提出一种通过提高发生拥塞的业务最大传输机会以缓解拥塞状况的拥塞策略,依据发送队列状态调整最大传输机会,增加拥塞节点中的拥塞业务的传输机会。对仿真数据分析结果表明网格网络的吞吐率、丢包率等重要网络性能都有明显改善,策略与IEEE802.11s草案中的拥塞机制相比,能够有效缓解网络拥塞,提高网络性能。     

WEP的安全技术分析及AES的解决方案

在深入分析IEEE 802.11标准的有线等价私密（WEP）安全漏洞的基础上,提出了用高级加密算法AES代替RC4,AES提供了比RC4更高的加密性能和更加强大的安全保护,因此AES方案必将成为新一代的加密标准.     

Integration of GPS with a WiFi high accuracy ranging functionality

High accuracy seamless positioning is required to support a vast number of applications in varying operational environments. Over the last few years, the global positioning system (GPS) has become the de facto technology for positioning applications. However, its performance is limited in indoor and dense urban environments due to multipath as well as signal attenuation and blockage. A number of techniques integrating GPS with other positioning technologies have been developed to address the limitations of standalone GPS in these difficult environments. While most of the developed techniques cover the outages of GPS in such environments, they do not provide acceptable performance, in terms of positioning accuracy, especially for some mission-critical (e.g. safety) applications. This paper proposes a tightly coupled (i.e. in the measurement domain) GPS/WiFi integration method which, in addition to addressing GPS outages, improves the overall positioning accuracy to the meter-level, thus satisfying the requirements of a number of location based services and intelligent transport systems applications. The performance of the proposed GPS/WiFi integration method is assessed for a number of scenarios in a simulation environment for an identified dense urban area in London, UK.     

坡面雨量的风力敏感性分析

本文对无线网络通信技术的无线广域网、无线城域网、无线局域网、无线个域网做了比较分析,并对无线局域网、无线个域网的各热点技术做了进一步的比较分析。