Risk-based decision-making for drilling waste discharges using a fuzzy synthetic evaluation technique

Offshore petroleum drilling wastes contain toxic substances that are potentially harmful to the marine ecosystem. Despite environmentally benign characteristics, wastes associated with synthetic-based fluids still contain a certain amount of pollutants due to contamination with formation oil and the presence of trace heavy metals in barite, which may pose risk when discharged into the marine environment. A framework is presented here for a decision support system for the selection of the best drilling waste discharge option. Uncertainties in the quantification of risk, cost and technical feasibility are expressed by fuzzy numbers. An analytical hierarchy process with a technique called fuzzy synthetic evaluation is employed to determine the best management alternative (discharge scenario).     

区域水资源开发模式研究

正确的不资源开发模式对于指导合理开发利用区域水资源并最大限度降低环境生态负效应具有重要的意义。以松嫩盆地为例，根据研究区内的水文、水文地质条件，应用模糊集理论与方法确定出松嫩盆地各县市的水资源开发模式，并对各种开发模式做了简要论述。     

基于RDBMS地理数据一体化存储初探

介绍了地理数据存储方法的特点，进行了一体化数据结构设计，并分别对文件形式和数据库管理地理数据在存取效率和查询速度方面进行了比较和研究，证明了地理数据一体化存储的先进性。     

Grade estimation using fuzzy- set algorithms

This paper presents a new approach for estimating unknown ore grades within a mining deposit in a fuzzy environment using fuzzy c- means clustering and a fuzzy inference system. Based on a collection of cluster centers obtained from fuzzy c- means, a fuzzy rule base and fuzzy search domains are established to compute grades at these cluster centers. These cluter center- grade pairs act as control information in the fuzzy space- grade system in order to infer unknown grades on the basis of fuzzy interpolation, fuzzy extrapolation, and a defuzzification process of fuzzy control.     

Fuzzy set approaches to classification of rock masses

Rock mass classification is analogous to multi-feature pattern recognition problem. The objective is to assign a rock mass to one of the pre-defined classes using a given set of criteria. This process involves a number of subjective uncertainties stemming from: (a) qualitative (linguistic) criteria; (b) sharp class boundaries; (c) fixed rating (or weight) scales; and (d) variable input reliability. Fuzzy set theory enables a soft approach to account for these uncertainties by allowing the expert to participate in this process in several ways. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the earlier fuzzy rock mass classification attempts and to devise improved methodologies to utilize the theory more accurately and efficiently. As in the earlier studies, the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system was adopted as a reference conventional classification system because of its simple linear aggregation.

The proposed classification approach is based on the concept of partial fuzzy sets representing the variable importance or recognition power of each criterion in the universal domain of rock mass quality. The method enables one to evaluate rock mass quality using any set of criteria, and it is easy to implement. To reduce uncertainties due to project- and lithology-dependent variations, partial membership functions were formulated considering shallow (<200 m) tunneling in granitic rock masses. This facilitated a detailed expression of the variations in the classification power of each criterion along the corresponding universal domains. The binary relationship tables generated using these functions were processed not to derive a single class but rather to plot criterion contribution trends (stacked area graphs) and belief surface contours, which proved to be very satisfactory in difficult decision situations. Four input scenarios were selected to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach in different situations and with reference to the earlier approaches.     

数字社区数据标准研究

当前数字社区建设缺乏统一的智能化综合管理平台以及相应的各项数据标准，使得数字社区难以真正实现统一的数字化管理。该文参考国内外相应数据标准，研究数字社区的标准体系结构。针对现有标准体系缺乏相关数据标准的现状，提出数字社区系列数据标准，包括数据接口层标准、数据分类编码标准、数据模型、数据字典和元数据标准。阐述系列标准中各标准间的相互关系以及各标准所包含的具体内容。     

岩体可爆性分级物元分析模型及其应用

首次提出用物元分析进行岩体可爆性分级的新方法。该模型将岩体可爆性类别、分类指标及其特征值作为物元，根据岩体可爆性分级标准建立关联函数，通过计算综合关联度判断岩体可爆性类别，用实例与其他方法进行了对比，得到一致的结果。该方法计算简便、分类合理，实用性强。     

卫星遥感反演土壤水分研究综述

土壤水分是影响地表过程的核心变量之一。精准地测量土壤水分及其时空分布,长期以来是定量遥感研究领域的难点问题。简要回顾基于光学、被动微波、主动微波和多传感器联合反演等卫星遥感反演土壤水分的主要反演算法、存在的难点和前沿性研究问题,介绍了应用土壤水分反演算法所形成的3种主要全球土壤水分数据集,包括欧洲气象业务卫星（ERS/MetOp）数据集、高级微波扫描辐射计（AMSR-E）数据集、土壤湿度与海洋盐分卫星（SMOS）数据集,并结合目前存在的问题探讨卫星遥感反演土壤水分研究的发展趋势。     

山东沾化凹陷孤岛油田馆上段浅水湖泊沉积

综合研究钻井、古生物和测井资料,认为孤岛油田新近系馆陶组上段馆1 2砂层组沉积时期发育浅水湖泊而非单一的河流相沉积。浅水湖泊湖盆地形平坦,湖面广阔,水体极浅;湖区受气候影响,湖平面频繁振荡式升降变化;沉积物多表现为氧化、还原环境交替的红灰相间的细粒沉积物;湖泊沉积构造发育,生物富集,水进→水退沉积旋回性明显。通过取心井的观察描述和分析化验,识别出水道砂坝、砂坪、混合坪、泥坪和沼泽5种沉积微相类型,建立了孤岛油田馆1 2砂层组浅水湖泊沉积模式。