利用ASP实现中国地震信息网的全文检索功能

介绍利用ASP技术实现中国地震信息网的全文检索功能。重点介绍索引服务器端对象(Indexing Service Server Side Object)控件的使用。另外,查询内容显示也是一个重要的方面。     

Maximizing the information return from ground penetrating radar

Ground penetrating radar data is not always easy to acquire, and sometimes the acquisition may be constrained by equipment availability, weather, legal or logistical constraints, safety or access considerations. Examples of these include archaeological or geotechnical sites about to be excavated, contaminated lands undergoing remediation, hazardous areas such as unexploded ordnance lands or active volcanoes, and difficult to visit locations such as Antarctica or the surface of Mars. These situations may result in only one chance at acquiring data. Thus, the data need to be acquired, processed and modeled with the aim of maximizing the information return for the time, cost and hazard risked. This process begins by properly setting up the survey with the expectation of the site conditions but allowing for flexibility and serendipity in the unknown. Not only are radar data acquired, but also calibration, orientation, location and other required parameters describing the equipment and survey are recorded. All of these parameters are used in the processing and modeling of the data. The final results will be not just a radar image as a pseudo-cross-section, but a corrected geometric cross-section, interpreted electrical and magnetic properties of the ground, location, orientation, size and shape of subsurface objects, and composition of the ground and objects as inferred density, porosity, fluid saturation, and other relevant material occurrence properties.     

Recreational boaters value biodiversity: The case of the California Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary

Marine ecosystems provide a range of valuable services, some of which come with market prices to quantify value and others for which markets have not set prices. Lacking perfect information, policy makers are at risk of undercounting non-priced values and services, leading to biases in policy decisions in favor of services valued through markets. Furthermore, understanding users’ valuation of specific site attributes, such as marine biodiversity, can contribute to effective policy decisions. This paper presents a non-market valuation of private recreational boaters (PRBs) in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary located in California, USA, using data from an intercept survey conducted in 2006 and 2007. A Random Utility Model is used to estimate PRBs’ daily trip values and the importance of specific site attributes. The average consumer surplus was estimated at $48.62 per trip, with a total non-market value of non-consumptive private recreational boating of $86,325 annually. PRBs show a preference for visiting locations with lower exposure to prevailing winds and greater species richness and abundance, which to the authors’ knowledge is the first time that PRBs have been found to value biological diversity in site choices. Furthermore, this suggests that improved biodiversity and productivity of marine ecosystems contribute to better recreational experiences. The results from this study reveal the importance of including non-market services and stakeholder's preferences into policy decisions.     

城市空间增长与土地开发时空格局

从研究城市空间增长机制入手，分析了城市居住空间选择行为和房地产开发的空间行为，并在地理信息系统，空间分析和可视的空间表达技术支持下，建立用于城市空间增长调控的动态模拟系统，为合理调控城市空间增长和格局变化提供有力的支持并以北海为例，进行了系统的实验研究。     

Earthquake risk assessment of lifelines

This paper presents the RISK-UE methodology for the seismic risk assessment of utility systems (potable water, waste-water, gas system, telecommunication, electric power) and transportation infrastructures (port, airport, road and railway system). The proposed methodology provides a uniform basis for the reduction of the consequences of lifeline damages in urban areas and an efficient mitigation strategy and prioritization policies for pre-earthquake and post earthquake actions. A detailed inventory for every element at risk together with a reliable seismic hazard assessment, appropriate selection of fragility models, estimation of the “global value” and economical impact of lifeline damages and losses are the main steps of the proposed methodology. The consideration of European distinctive features of lifelines and utility systems in the construction of seismic scenarios and the proposition of fragility curves are among the basic aims of the proposed methodology. Different modules of the methodology were applied in seven pilot cities (Thessaloniki, Catania, Nice, Bucharest, Sofia, Barcelona, Bitola). We present herein few representative examples (case studies) in order to illustrate the methodology and to prove its efficiency.     

Nationalising local sustainability: Lessons from the British wartime Utility furniture scheme

Analyses of sustainable design and commodity networks often make a priori assumptions about the capacity of markets to provide solutions to environmental problems; and have a tendency to celebrate local scales of action. This paper offers a contrasting account, in which the national state sought to carefully manage scarce natural resources and to ensure equitable consumption at a time of deep crisis. We utilise the historical example of the British wartime Utility furniture scheme in order to draw out three lessons for sustainable and equitable environmental practice. First, we argue that national states do not simply provide an institutional backdrop to sustainable production but rather can act as important organising agents. Second, the paper emphasises that sustainability is best achieved through interventions across a commodity network, beyond simply modifications to a single node such as design. Finally, we underscore the value of ‘pragmatic centralism’ in environmental decision-making, calling attention to the collaborative practices that underpinned the scheme. The example of Utility’s adaptive responses—borne out of crisis, scarcity and shortage during wartime—offers much that is of intrinsic interest to current concerns about resource consumption and the drivers of sustainability in commodity networks.     

Stakeholder needs for ground penetrating radar utility location

In the UK alone there are millions of miles of underground utilities with often inaccurate, incomplete, or non-existent location records that cause significant health and safety problems for maintenance personnel, together with the potential for large, unnecessary, social and financial costs for their upkeep and repair. This has led to increasing use of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for utility location, but without detailed consideration of the degree of location accuracy required by stakeholders — i.e. all those directly involved in streetworks ranging from utility owners to contractors and surveyors and government departments. In order to ensure that stakeholder requirements are incorporated into a major new UK study, entitled Mapping the Underworld, a questionnaire has been used to determine the current and future utility location accuracy requirements. The resulting data indicate that stakeholders generally require location tolerances better than 100 mm at depths usually extending down to 3 m, and more occasionally to 5 m, below surface level, providing significant challenges to GPR if their needs are to be met in all ground conditions. As well as providing much useful data on stakeholder needs, these data are also providing a methodology for assessment of GPR utility location in terms of the factor most important to them — the degree to which the equipment provides location within their own accuracy requirements.     

Ground subsidence,Quaternary faults and vulnerability of utilities and transportation networks in Thessaly,Greece

Ground fissures and subsidence have caused extensive damage in structures and the utility networks (roads, railroad line, Larisa NATO airport, telecommunication network) in the plain of Thessaly, central Greece, in the last 20 years. The fact that these fissures are parallel to Quaternary faults controlling the structural evolution of the Thessaly basin, marked by intense recent seismic activity, led some scientists to regard them as manifestation of tectonic creep, even premonitory phenomena of major future seismic events. A careful study of the geometric characteristics and of the kinematics of these ground fissures, however, revealed that they only reflect shear failure of the ground due to compaction of loose sediments following significant decline of the groundwater level due to over-pumping; i.e. a geotechnical and not a tectonic process. Furthermore, theoretical considerations and modeling predict surface fissuring along zones of anomalous basement, normal-fault controlled topography. This explains the correlation between ground fissures and active Quaternary normal faults.     

让地学成果表现得更加丰富多采─—介绍美国地学小型软件的一些情况

文章概述了美国地学的一批小型应用软件的情况。这批软件以内容丰富、涉及专业范围广、运行的硬软件环境要求不高、以及售价低廉为其特征。文章提到了软件性能方面的十个特点，特别是图标菜单、三维地质模型图示、多层及多窗口图形显示以及ＣＤＲＯＭ的应用等图示技术的进展。文章认为，美国地学小软件取得的进展，除地学本身的因素外，应归功于及时引进ＣＡＤ、ＷＩＮＤＯＷＳ等先进系统软件技术。     

Splintering urbanism in Mumbai: Contrasting trends in a multilayered society

This paper is an examination of the splintering urbanism argument of the relationship between neo-liberal reforms of infrastructure networks and urban cohesion. Based on an analysis of historical and contemporary processes of infrastructure provision (water, sewerage and power) in colonial/post-colonial Bombay/Mumbai, it questions the assumption of a “modern infrastructure ideal” in the context of developing cities. In Mumbai, the historical analysis reveals the contradictions between this ideal and a hierarchical society. From the outset, access to services (particularly water and sewerage) was highly distorted in favour of the elites, even though utilities networks contributed to urban integration through cross-subsidies within and across sectors, and through the setting up of municipal institutions. Second, ongoing sectoral reforms demonstrate contrasting trends as increased differentiation of services produces both positive – better adaptation to users’ needs – and potentially negative – fragmenting – socio-spatial implications. Third, an understudied potential fragmenting threat also lies in the sectoral approach to reforms as it undermines the existing crosssector subsidies and prevents the articulation of utility reforms with other limiting factors, such as land and transport, which are the main constraints for expanding housing and mobility in the city.