珊瑚生长率重建西沙海域中晚全新世海温变化

珊瑚生长率是记录海洋表层海水温度(SST)的重要指标之一。本文在测量西沙永兴岛海域1个现代滨珊瑚(Porites lutea)和4个中-晚全新世滨珊瑚样品生长率基础上, 定量重建了中晚全新世5个特征时段的SST:1887~2007A.D.(27.27℃)、1993~1936a B.P.(26.73℃)、2985~2904a B.P.(26.5℃)、4004~3962a B.P.(26.8℃)和5514~5398a B.P.(27.0℃)。这些结果表明5.5~1.9ka B.P. 期间西沙海域SST总体上呈下降趋势, 与中国大陆的平均温度基本同步变化。西沙海域中晚全新世SST的降低趋势受东亚夏季风强度减弱的控制, 也可能与这一时期逐渐活跃的ENSO存在联系, 而岁差引起的北半球太阳辐射量的减少可能是SST变化的根本驱动因素。     

A Review on the Taxonomic, Evolutionary and Phytogeographic Studies of the Lotus Plant (Nelumbonaceae: Nelumbo)

Nelumbo Adans. （Nelumbonaceae） is an important member of the early-diverging eudicots. It contains two extant species： N. nucifera Gaertn. （the Sacred lotus）, distributed in Asia and Australia and N. lutea Willd. （the American lotus）, occurring in North America. This paper reviews the taxonomic, evolutionary and phytogeographic studies of the genus Nelumbo, and also raises scientific questions about it in further paleobotanic research. There are about 30 fossil species of Nelumbo established since the Early Cretaceous. Based on fossil studies, the ancestors of the extant N. nucifera and N. lutea are respectively considered to be N. protospeciosa from the Eocene to Miocene of Eurasia, and N. protolutea from the Eocene of North American. However, molecular systematic studies indicate that N. nucifera and N. lutea are probably split from a common ancestor during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, or even the Pleistocene, rather than separate relicts from extinct species on different continents. The characters of lotus stomatal development, seedling morphology as well as its flowering, pollination and fertilization in air reveal that it evolves from the land plants. Fossil data of Nelumbo indicates that the genus first occurs in mid-latitude area of Laurasia in the Early Cretaceous, then becomes widespread in North America and Eurasia and expands into Africa and South America during the Late Cretaceous; the genus probably colonizes the Indian Subcontinent from Asia during the Early Eocene after the collision of India and the Asian plates; the genus becomes extinct in Europe, but survives in Asia and North America during the Quaternary Ice Age, and later forms the present East Asia and North Australia-North America disjunctive distribution.     

海南岛澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻对环境变化的适应性

在全球气候变暖和人类活动加剧导致珊瑚礁严重衰退的背景下,以抗逆性强的澄黄滨珊瑚（Porites lutea）为研究对象,于 2013 年 10 月―2014 年 8 月在海南岛文昌和三亚对其共生藻密度及光合效率开展了季节性调查研究。结果显示：1）澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻的密度及光合效率均存在显著的季节变化,共生藻密度在冬季最低、夏季较高,其光合效率在冬季较高,春夏季较低。2）澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻密度的空间差异远小于其季节变化的差异,但水深 1~2 m 澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻的密度普遍高于水深 4~6 m 的澄黄滨珊瑚,三亚澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻的光合效率明显高于文昌。3）进一步分析发现,在诸多环境因子中,海表温度 SST 和水体营养是驱动海南岛澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻密度及光合效率变化的主要环境因素,而光合效率的空间差异则可能是珊瑚对生存环境长期驯化的结果。由于文昌和三亚沿岸海水养殖和潜水旅游等人类活动频繁,礁区海水面临富营养化的风险,推测海南岛澄黄滨珊瑚面临 SST 上升和营养胁迫联合效应的严重威胁。     

2种分子标记应用于澄黄滨珊瑚群体遗传多样性研究中的可行性

利用PCR技术对澄黄滨珊瑚的2种分子标记（线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基1基因COI和核糖体RNA内转录间隔区基因ITS）进行测序,探讨COI序列和ITS序列在澄黄滨珊瑚（Porites lutea）群体研究中的适用性,并从中选出最适合研究澄黄滨珊瑚群体遗传多样性的分子标记．结果显示COI序列变异位点少,成对序列差异在群体内、群体间都很小,不适于澄黄滨珊瑚的群体研究;而ITS区序列个体内成对的序列差异仅为0．35％,可以作为研究澄黄滨珊瑚群体遗传多样性的分子标记;通过对ITS1、ITS2、5．8SrRNA、ITS1＋ITS2及ITS区序列的比较,认为ITS1＋ITS2序列是最适合研究澄黄滨珊瑚群体遗传多样性的分子标记．本研究为以后研究我国沿岸造礁石珊瑚澄黄滨珊瑚的群体遗传结构提供方法依据,从而为保护管理扣恢复受损珊瑚礁生态系统提供遗传学数据支持．     

海南岛沙老岸礁区滨珊瑚氧、碳同位素对气候的记录

通过对海南岛沙老岸礁中正在连续生长的澄黄滨珊瑚骨骼进行氧，碳同位素的测定，对9年生长的珊瑚骨骼依次分析了352个样品，平均每旬有1－2个控制样品，以此来分析珊瑚生长期间的气候变化。首先分析出每年雨季和旱季的差别，得到雨季和旱季曲线的特征，并得出雨季在每年夏季，旱季在每年的秋冬季，表明海南岛礁区是典型的季风气候区。同时将珊瑚骨骼的氧同位素分析数值与相关记录的气温资料做比较，它们的相关系数为0．97和0．79，并得出以氧同位素分析数值求气温的公式。     

Using in situ hyperspectral reflectance data to distinguish nine aquatic plant species

In situ hyperspectral reflectance data were studied at 50 bands (10 nm bandwidth) over the 400–900 nm spectral range to determine their potential for distinguishing among nine aquatic plant species: American lotus [Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.], American pondweed (Potamogeton nodusus Poir.), giant duckweed [Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid.], Mexican waterlily (Nymphaea mexicana Zucc.), white waterlily (Nymphaea odorata Aiton), spatterdock [Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm.], giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell), waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] and waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). The species were studied on three dates: 30 May, 1 July and 3 August 2009. All nine species were studied in July and August, while only eight species were studied in May; giant duckweed was not studied in May due to insufficient availability. Two procedures were used to determine the optimum bands for discriminating among species: multiple comparison range tests and stepwise discriminant analysis. Multiple comparison range tests results for May showed that most separations among species occurred at bands 795–865 nm in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region where up to six species could be distinguished. For July, few species could be distinguished amongthe 50 bands; most separations occurred at the 715 nm red-NIR edge band where four species could be differentiated. The optimum bands in August occurred in the green (525–595 nm), red (605–635 nm) and red-NIR edge (695–705 nm) spectral regions where up to six species could be distinguished. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified 11 bands in the blue, green, red-NIR edge and NIR spectral regions to be significant to discriminate among the eight species in May. For July and August, stepwise discriminant analysis identified 15bands and 13 bands, respectively, from the blue to NIR regions to be significant for discriminating among the nine species.     

Temporal variations of heavy metals in coral Porites lutea from Guangdong Province, China： Influences from industrial pollution, climate and economic factors

1 IntroductionCorals are an important proxy for reconstructingpaleo-environment and revealing global changes in thepast. Variations of heavy metals in the growth bands ofcorals can provide important information about the oce-anic environment.Bastidas and …     

广东省电白县大放鸡岛滨珊瑚的重金属含量及其意义

采用等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)技术，测定了1982-2001年广东省电白县大放鸡岛(111^* 11’E、21^*21’N)滨珊瑚中的Pb、Cd、Cu、Co、Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn重金属元素的含量。结果表明，珊瑚中有高的Ni和Zn含量的平均值，且在1990和2001年Zn的含量高出平均值1．8和2．3倍；1997和1998年，Pb的含量高出平均值3．5和2．3倍；1987年Cu的含量高出平均值1．5倍。这表明珊瑚样品在上述的年段内受到了Zn、Ni、Pb和Cu较显著的污染。其他重金属元素未构成明显的影响。此外，还用多元统计分析的方法，探讨了重金属含量的年际变化率与气候环境和经济环境指标的相关性，以及重金属元素之间的相似性和差异性。