Geostatistical estimation of chemical contamination in stream sediments: The case study of Vale das Gatas mine (northern Portugal)

Based on an environmental geochemistry case study carried out in the neighbourhood of a W–Sn abandoned mine, the pollution in stream sediments was modelled through a Global Contamination Index. Such an index permits one to summarize the combination of deleterious elements in a single variable, obtained by the projection of samples onto the first axis of a PCASD (Principal Components Analysis of Standardized Data) applied to the entire n × p matrix containing the available concentrations of p = 16 elements in the set of n = 220 collected samples.In order to provide a sound basis for a coherent planning of the remediation process which will be put in operation in the affected area, it is necessary to balance the costs of reclaiming with the probabilities of exceeding the upper limits accepted for concentrations of environmentally harmful elements in sediments. Given these limits, they are back-transformed in the index values, providing a practical threshold between ‘clean’ and ‘contaminated’ samples. On the other hand, the minimum dimension of the cell to be reclaimed is restrained by the selected remediation process to be applied in the affected area. Hence, to meet the constraints of such a remediation process, it is required to estimate the probabilities of exceeding the index threshold in technologically meaningful sub-areas. For this end, the Indicator Block Kriging technique was applied, producing a series of maps where sub-areas to be reclaimed can be spotted for different probability levels. These maps, on which the decision making remediation agency can rely for its cost-benefit analysis, take into account both the spatial structure of ‘clean’ vs. ‘contaminated’ samples and the constraints of the reclaiming process.     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖的地球化学演化与古气候变化

１９９０年用铀系年代学及古地磁对昆特依盐湖沉积物进行年代测定，探讨该湖区地球化学演化与古气候变化关系。结果表明，该区最老的盐层形成于早更新世晚期（大于７３０ｋａ），大量的盐类沉积则始于３００ｋａ左右；盐湖沉积物中元素含量变化主要受古盐度、矿物、类质同象和吸附控制；沉积物水溶Ｆ／Ｃｌ比值与古盐度成反比关系；该湖２０００ｋａ以来的古环境演变：盐层形成于干冷、偏酸性的氧化环境，泥岩层形成于湿暖、偏碱性的     

区域可持续发展评价:进展与展望

可持续发展的评价是目前可持续发展研究的热点和前沿。当前评价可持续发展的单项指标和指标体系在指标与可持续性的关系、指标权重的选择、指标的定量化、可持续性的总体判别方法、资本替代性与替代速度、指标阈值的确定等方面具有不同的局限性 ,这也是可持续发展评价的主要难点。可持续发展的评价必然要落实到不同尺度的空间地理单元上 ,区域发展是评价的对象 ,因而可持续发展的评价必然具有显著的区域性 ,不同区域的评价指标或指标体系必然会有所不同。社会、经济与人口的发展是人类社会发展的主要目标 ,而发展的可持续性依赖于自然环境的质量 ,包括自然资源的再生或替代、生命支持系统与生物多样性的维持或改善。据此 ,论文构建了区域可持续发展评价的理论框架和发展——可持续性二维评价坐标体系 ,并提出了“自上而下”和“自下而上”的指标遴选方法。     

符竹溪地区化探找金（锑）研究及地质效果

本文研究了符竹溪金－锑矿床微量元素地球化学特征，对矿区岩、矿石微量元素进行了相关分析，筛选出对符竹溪地区金、锑矿有指示意义的Ａｕ，Ｓｂ，Ａｓ，Ｍｏ，Ｗ，Ｈｇ，Ｐｂ，Ａｇ，Ｔｌ，Ｂｉ等１０个指示元素。经分析对比，确定其实用性指示元素为Ａｕ，Ｓｂ，Ａｓ，Ｍｏ，Ｂｉ，Ｈｇ。利用这些元素的轴向分带规律及比值指标对该矿床深部进行了成矿预测，并已由探矿工程证实，见到了金品位高达４４×１０（－６）的矿体，因而扭转了该矿山矿石资源面临枯竭的局面，经济效益显著。同时，对整个符竹溪地区，即矿床边部及外围作了化探选区，选出了３个远景地段：矿床南部竹叶山地段、外围杨家冲地段和田庄湾地段。     

山东归来庄金矿区g(Au/Ag)的空间信息统计学特征

空间信息统计学是一门集数学、空间信息科学及计算机技术于一体,在时空域内对区域化变量的随机性与结构性进行定量研究的技术。以山东归来庄金矿床为例,对其g(AuAg)异常进行空间信息统计学研究。利用指示克立格法研究g(AuAg)的空间变异结构特征,建立空间结构模型。在对结构模型和估计方案进行交叉验证后,对g(AuAg)的空间分布进行估计。根据g(AuAg)的空间分布规律,探讨其与Au空间分布的关系,并对今后该区的找金工作提出建议。     

裂隙岩体渗透性空间分布的指示克里格估值

本文较详细介绍了指示克立格估值的基本方法和原理，以指示变异函数为基本工具分析了向家坝坝址区裂隙岩体渗透性空间分布的结构特征，表明该址区裂隙岩体渗透性存在明显的各向异性特征；在此基础上用指示克立格法对未采样点处进行估值，估值结果显示坝址区裂隙岩体渗透性存在明显的壳状渗透结构特征.通过这一实际应用，表明指示克立格法可以较好地描述裂隙岩体渗透性的空间分布规律.     

八卦庙金矿床石英脉的控矿作用初探

八卦庙金矿床的矿石品位与其石英脉发育程度和破碎程度、共生硫化物的含量成正比,与脉体的厚度、共生硫化物的粒度成反比;节理脉的含金量比顺层脉的含金量高;石英细脉的含金量高于脉旁围岩的含金量数倍至十多倍,但含金石英脉不能单独构成工业矿体.据此,作者首次提出金矿化类型属于细脉浸染型金矿,揉皱石英细(网)脉破碎带是此类金矿的一种重要而直观的找矿标志.     

Preliminary evidence for human fecal contamination in corals of the Florida Keys,USA

Corals and reef environments are under increased stress from anthropogenic activities, particularly those in the vicinity of heavily populated areas such as the Florida Keys. The potential adverse impacts of wastewater can affect both the environment and human health; however, because of the high decay rate of bacterial indicators in coral reef waters it has been difficult to document the presence of microbial contaminants and to assign risks in these environments. Here we show initial evidence that microorganisms associated with human feces are concentrated along the surface of coral heads relative to the overlying water column in the Florida Keys. Bacterial indicators (fecal coliform bacteria, enterococci or Clostridium perfringens) were detected in 66.7% of the coral surface microlayer (CSM) samples at levels between five and 1000 CFU/100 ml, but were found infrequently and at low numbers in the overlying water column ( < or = 2.5 CFU/100 ml). Similarly, enterovirus nucleic acid sequences, an indicator of human-specific waste, were detected in 93.3% of the CSM samples and only once in the water column by cell culture. Results show that coral mucus may accumulate enteric microorganisms in reef environments, and may indicate a risk to public and environmental health despite low indicator levels in the surrounding water.     

Species distribution modelling to support marine conservation planning: The next steps

Species distribution models (SDMs) offer great potential for inclusion into the toolbox of today's marine environmental manager, especially with regard to marine conservation and planning. The application of SDMs in the marine environment over recent years has been varied but there are still relatively few examples in comparison with terrestrial application, and this is especially true in deep-sea marine ecosystems. This short article builds upon two recent review articles concerning the application of species distribution modelling studies in the marine realm, offering additional practical considerations for discussion. Recommendations for progressing the improved application of SDMs to support marine conservation planning are given, including combining model outputs with other data layers, metadata standards and model error. SDMs have both an urgent and long term contribution to make to marine conservation planning globally, and it is hoped that this article, in combination with developing research on marine SDMs, will contribute to some much needed discussion and inform best practice and new research to enable these models to be of greater use to marine managers.