基于不同GCP数量和获取方法的数字正射影像的制作与评定

SPOT-5影像的高分辨率和高信息量的性质,使其得到了广泛的应用,特别是在全国第二次土地利用调查中得到了更加深入的应用。而数字正射影像的制作是SPOT-5遥感影像应用的关键所在。本文在介绍DOM制作的基础上,依据当前获取GCP主要的三种途径采用ERDAS遥感图像处理软件进行了实验,并对最终的结果精度进行分析,总结了DOM制作过程的相关问题。     

Development and Utilization of the World’s and China’s Bulk Mineral Resources and their Supply and Demand Situation in the Next Twenty Years

Bulk mineral resources of iron ores, copper ores, bauxite, lead ores, zinc ores and potassium salt play a pivotal role on the world’s and China’s economic development. This study analyzed and predicted their resources base and potential, development and utilization and their world’s and China’s supply and demand situation in the future 20 years. The supply and demand of these six bulk mineral products are generally balanced, with a slight surplus, which will guarantee the stability of the international mineral commodity market supply. The six mineral resources(especially iron ores and copper ores) are abundant and have a great potential, and their development and utilization scale will gradually increase. Till the end of 2014, the reserveproduction ratio of iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc ores and potassium salt was 95 years, 42 years, 100 years, 17 years, 37 years and 170 years, respectively. Except lead ores, the other five types all have reserve-production ratio exceeding 20 years, indicative of a high resources guarantee degree. If the utilization of recycled metals is counted in, the supply of the world’s six mineral products will exceed the demand in the future twenty years. In 2015–2035, the supply of iron ores, refined copper, primary aluminum, refined lead, zinc and potassium salt will exceed their demand by 0.4–0.7 billion tons(Gt), 5.0–6.0 million tons(Mt), 1.1–8.9 Mt, 1.0–2.0 Mt, 1.2–2.0 Mt and 4.8–5.6 Mt, respectively. It is predicted that there is no problem with the supply side of bulk mineral products such as iron ores, but local or structural shortage may occur because of geopolitics, monopoly control, resources nationalism and trade friction. Affected by China’s compressed industrialized development model, the demand of iron ores(crude steel), potassium salt, refined lead, refined copper, bauxite(primary aluminum) and zinc will gradually reach their peak in advance. The demand peak of iron ores(crude steel) will reach around 2015, 2016 for potassium salt, 2020 for refined lead, 2021 for bauxite(primary aluminum), 2022 for refined copper and 2023 for zinc. China’s demand for iron ores(crude steel), bauxite(primary aluminum) and zinc in the future 20 years will decline among the world’s demand, while that for refined copper, refined lead and potassium salt will slightly increase. The demand for bulk mineral products still remains high. In 2015–2035, China’s accumulative demand for iron ores(crude steel) will be 20.313 Gt(13.429 Gt), 0.304 Gt for refined copper, 2.466 Gt(0.616 Gt) of bauxite(primary aluminum), 0.102 Gt of refined lead, 0.138 Gt of zinc and 0.157 Gt of potassium salt, and they account for the world’s YOY(YOY) accumulative demand of 35.17%, 51.09%, 48.47%, 46.62%, 43.95% and 21.84%, respectively. This proportion is 49.40%, 102.52%, 87.44%, 105.65%, 93.62% and 106.49% of that in 2014, respectively. From the supply side of China’s bulk mineral resources, it is forecasted that the accumulative supply of primary(mine) mineral products in 2015–2035 is 4.046 Gt of iron ores, 0.591 Gt of copper,1.129 Gt of bauxite, 63.661 Mt of(mine) lead, 0.109 Gt of(mine) zinc and 0.128 Gt of potassium salt, which accounts for 8.82%, 13.92%, 26.67%, 47.09%, 33.04% and 15.56% of the world’s predicted YOY production, respectively. With the rapid increase in the smelting capacity of iron and steel and alumina, the rate of capacity utilization for crude steel, refined copper, alumina, primary aluminum and refined lead in 2014 was 72.13%, 83.63%, 74.45%, 70.76% and 72.22%, respectively. During 2000–2014, the rate of capacity utilization for China’s crude steel and refined copper showed a generally fluctuating decrease, which leads to an insufficient supply of primary mineral products. It is forecasted that the supply insufficiency of iron ores in 2015–2035 is 17.44 Gt, 0.245 Gt of copper in copper concentrates, 1.337 Gt of bauxite, 38.44 Mt of lead in lead concentrates and 29.19 Mt of zinc in zinc concentrates. China has gradually raised the utilization of recycled metals, which has mitigated the insufficient supply of primary metal products to some extent. It is forecasted that in 2015–2035 the accumulative utilization amount of steel scrap(iron ores) is 3.27 Gt(5.08 Gt), 70.312 Mt of recycled copper, 0.2 Gt of recycled aluminum, 48 Mt of recycled lead and 7.7 Mt of recycled zinc. The analysis on the supply and demand situation of China’s bulk mineral resources in 2015–2035 suggests that the supply-demand contradiction for these six types of mineral products will decrease, indicative of a generally declining external dependency. If the use of recycled metal amount is counted in, the external dependency of China’s iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and potassium salt will be 79%, 65%, 26%, 8%, 16% and 18% in 2014, respectively. It is predicted that this external dependency will decrease to 62%, 64%, 20%,-0.93%, 16% and 14% in 2020, respectively, showing an overall decreasing trend. We propose the following suggestions correspondingly.(1) The demand peak of China’s crude steel and potassium salt will reach during 2015–2023 in succession. Mining transformation should be planned and deployed in advance to deal with the arrival of this demand peak.(2) The supply-demand contradiction of China’s bulk mineral resources will mitigate in the future 20 years, and the external dependency will decrease accordingly. It is suggested to adjust the mineral resources management policies according to different minerals and regions, and regulate the exploration and development activities.(3) China should further establish and improve the forced mechanism of resolving the smelting overcapacity of steel, refined copper, primary aluminum, lead and zinc to really achieve the goal of "reducing excess production capacity".(4) In accordance with the national strategic deployment of "One Belt One Road", China should encourage the excess capacity of steel, copper, alumina and primary aluminum enterprises to transfer to those countries or areas with abundant resources, high energy matching degree and relatively excellent infrastructure. Based on the national conditions, mining condition and geopolitics of the resources countries, we will gradually build steel, copper, aluminum and lead-zinc smelting bases, and potash processing and production bases, which will promote the excess capacity to transfer to the overseas orderly.(5) It is proposed to strengthen the planning and management of renewable resources recycling and to construct industrial base of renewable metal recycling.(6) China should promote the comprehensive development and utilization of paragenetic and associated mineral species to further improve the comprehensive utilization of bulk mineral resources.     

线阵CCD指向角解算方法的模拟实验研究

本文根据卫星线阵CCD指向角的特点提出简化解算模型,用单位四元数来描述旋转角,以几乎无偏估计作为平差方法。通过一系列模拟实验证实在外方位元素初值比较准确的前提下可以以较高精度求得设计的参数。模拟了不同的姿态稳定度、控制点精度、控制点密度、岭参数及航线长度对解算结果的影响。     

干旱缺水地区深水井泡沫钻进技术研究

依据泡沫的优点 ,提出了在干旱缺水地区采用深水井泡沫钻进技术的钻探新方法。给出了深水井各孔段的成孔工艺 ,重点阐述了深水井泡沫钻探灌注系统的主要设备和泡沫钻进工艺的规程参数 ,并指出采用该技术可解决在干旱缺水地区施工 5 0 0～ 80 0m深水井的问题。     

构造成图技术在地震资料稀缺、地形复杂情况下的应用——以D盆地研究为例

海外勘探中常遇到的资料稀缺、地质条件复杂等困境,直接加剧了勘探难度和挑战性,所以急需快速而有效的方法取得研究成果并指导勘探.文中以地震资料稀缺、地形复杂的D盆地为例,总结出了一套适用于本区的构造成图技术和流程.结合地震、钻井、文献多样化信息,借助数字化的地质剖面和重磁信息约束的趋势面综合网格构造成图,对地震空白区进行了有效的趋势约束,得到了基础区域地质图件,取得了良好的应用效果,为下一步的盆地构造分析以及构造单元划分奠定了坚实的基础.     

特殊用煤研究进展及工作前景

基于煤炭地质转型及煤炭清洁高效利用要求的精细化勘查,梳理以往研究中稀缺煤、稀缺煤种、特殊煤、特殊煤种的含义,指出了特殊用煤是基于煤炭清洁高效利用具有特殊工业用途的煤炭资源,其主要种类有液化用煤、气化用煤、焦化用煤以及特殊高元素用煤。本次特殊用煤资源评价以煤岩煤质评价为基础,以煤炭分级分质利用为目标,归纳了特殊用煤资源评价的关键技术指标、经济指标及评价参数,初步提出了基于煤岩煤质特征、资源分布、产业布局的特殊高元素用煤–焦化用煤–液化用煤–气化用煤的特殊用煤评价原则及评价方法,并对晋陕蒙3省的煤炭资源进行了分级评价,统计了75个国家规划矿区液化、气化和焦化特殊用煤保有资源/储量。认为新形势下特殊用煤的研究方向是修改完善煤炭地质勘查规范、制定煤炭利用的分质分级评价标准,按照煤炭利用工艺要求实现煤质和资源的动态评价。     

无人机航测水域控制点布设方案的精度试验

针对大面积水域航测控制点布设困难,成果精度难以保障的问题,该文重点研究了在其周边区域布设控制点的方法,提出采用密周边隔基线的区域网控制点布设方法,逐步增加控制点布设间距,减少控制点数量,优化区域网控制点布设方案。相比于传统航测区域网控制点布设方法,其需要的外业控制点则更少,而达到的成果精度相当,提高了经济效益。试验显示,控制点采用"密周边2~12条基线间距布设"可满足测制1∶500大比例尺地形图精度的要求。     

Evaporation from boreal reservoirs: A comparison between eddy covariance observations and estimates relying on limited data

Hydrological models used for reservoir management typically lack an accurate representation of open-water evaporation and must be run in a scarce data context. This study aims to identify an accurate means to estimate reservoir evaporation with simple meteorological inputs during the open-water season, using long-term eddy covariance observations from two boreal hydropower reservoirs with contrasting morphometry as reference. Unlike the temperate water bodies on which the majority of other studies have focused, northern reservoirs are governed by three distinct periods: ice cover in the cold season, warming in the summer and energy release in the fall. The reservoirs of interest are Eastmain-1 (52°N, mean depth of 11 m) and Romaine-2 (51°N, mean depth of 42 m), both located in eastern Canada. Four approaches are analysed herein: a combination approach, a radiation-based approach, a mass-transfer approach, and empirical methods. Of all the approaches, the bulk transfer equation with a constant Dalton number of 1.2 x 10⁻³ gave the most accurate estimation of evaporation at hourly time steps, compared with the eddy covariance observations (RMSE of 0.06 mm h⁻¹ at Eastmain-1 and RMSE of 0.04 mm h⁻¹ at Romaine-2). The daily series also showed good accuracy (RMSE of 1.38 mm day⁻¹ at Eastmain-1 and RMSE of 0.62 mm day⁻¹ at Romaine-2) both in the warming and energy release phases of the open-water season. The bulk transfer equation, on the other hand, was incapable of reproducing condensation episodes that occurred soon after ice breakup. Basic and variance-based sensitivity analyses were conducted, in particular to measure the variation in performance when the bulk transfer equation was applied with meteorological observations collected at a certain distance (~10–30 km) from the reservoir. This exercise illustrated that accurate estimates of open water evaporation require representative measurements of wind speed and water surface temperature.     

Water scarcity problems in Israel

The demand for scarce fresh water requires Israel to cease squandering this limited resource on agriculture, at present consuming about 70% of the annual supply. Environmental pollution must cease as well, for untreated urban water effluent contaminates ground water. All Israel's 700 million cubic metres sewage water must be suitably purified to irrigate about one hundred thousand hectares. Climatically controlled greenhouses and advanced agricultural research will reduce the amount of water and land required for the cultivation of the fresh vegetables and fruit, and small proportion of the dry fodder needed for the country's consumption. Israeli agriculture's association with moral, ideological and social ideas obstructs meaningful reduction in the allocation of water to agriculture. The Zionist movement has always seen transforming land into a means of production as the index of its success. Failure in this would signify an inability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions and be a sweeping repudiation of Zionism. The protracted Israeli-Arab national conflict also affects water policy. Israeli Jewish society has always considered rural settlement, agricultural activity, as part of the substance of its national identity and power, bonding the people with the land and consolidating territorial sovereignty. Since the 1970s, capitalism, which has dominated Israeli ideology, has favoured the individual's interests over the community's. Thus agriculture is mobilized to accommodate the private struggle for the good of the farming sector against the needs of the national collective.     

控制点数量与DEM分辨率对海岸带遥感影像正射校正精度影响分析

在保证海岸带区域控制点均匀分布的基础上,对3景SPOT-5影像分别使用1：5万DEM和SRTM90m数据,开展6个、9个、12个控制点的影像正射校正。结果表明：在海岸带区域,基于传感器物理模型的1景SPOT-5影像正射校正,6个控制点即可保证较高的精度,控制点数量的增多对精度的提高并不显著;1：5万DEM比SRTM90m数据对影像的正射校正精度略高,但并不明显,在缺少1：5万DEM时,用SRTM90m数据代替亦能满足908课题的精度要求,进一步验证了SRTM90m数据在高分辨率遥感影像正射校正中的可用性。