土壤墒情遥感反演与旱情诊断

土壤墒情与植被生长状况和地表温度之间存在密切联系?贑OST模型算法和单窗算法,开展了TM/ETM+多光谱数据的地表反射率、地表温度(LST)和土壤调整植被指数反演(MSAVI),分析了地表温度和植被指数的线性关系,提出了土壤墒情几何特征指数和旱情诊断函数,结合土壤含水量实测数据,建立了横山县土壤墒情遥感反演模型。实证结果表明,基于TM/ETM+数据反演的长度指数可进行旱情诊断;对土壤含水量的反演模型进行T检验,差异不显著,而基于地面温度的土壤墒情反演模型优于土壤调整植被指数反演模型。     

基于CA与AO的区域土地利用变化模拟研究——以三峡库区为例

运用元胞自动机(Cellular Automata)与AO(ArcObject) 相结合的方法, 在VB 环境下编程来 进行三峡库区地类变化模拟研究。以1995 年和2005 年的土地利用图为基础数据, 比较研究期各 地类的变化数量与方向以确定地类转换之间的优先级, 然后确定地类的转换概率。研究结果表明 此方法便于理解与操作, 同时模拟精度高; 预测结果说理性强, 其结果显示三峡库区城镇建设用 地增加, 耕地面积减少, 水域的面积在增加。其预测结果可以指导库区的土地利用规划, 为库区有 效土地管理提供参考。     

Predicting tunnel squeezing using support vector machine optimized by whale optimization algorithm

Acta Geotechnica - The squeezing behavior of surrounding rock can be described as the time-dependent large deformation during tunnel excavation, which appears in special geological conditions, such...     

Evaluating relationships between soil chemical properties and vegetation cover at different slope aspects in a reclaimed dump

Conducting research about the relationships between soil chemical properties and vegetation coverage at different slope aspects is especially important in reconstructed ecosystems of vulnerable ecological regions. This study was conducted in the first reclaimed dump within the Pingshuo mining area of Shanxi Province, China, to analyze patterns of soil chemical properties (soil organic matter (SOM), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil available phosphorus (SAP) and soil available potassium (SAp) and vegetation coverage (NDVI) and their correlations at different slope aspects. In the reclaimed dump, 26 quadrats were established along four slope aspects (i.e., shady, semi-shady, sunny and semi-sunny slopes). There was no significant difference in SOM or STN among different slope aspects, while SAP differed between shady slopes compared to semi-shady, sunny and semi-sunny slopes; SAP differed significantly between semi-shady and semi-sunny slopes. The NDVI of semi-sunny slopes differed significantly from that of the other three aspects. There was variation in the relationships between NDVI and soil chemical properties, depending on the slope aspects. The logarithm of SOM and NDVI was related linearly on shady and semi-shady slopes, while NDVI was inversely related to the natural logarithm of the logarithm of SOM on sunny and semi-sunny slopes. STN and NDVI had a first-order function relationship on shady and semi-shady slopes, yet a quadratic function relationship on sunny and semi-sunny slopes. The relationships between SAP and NDVI were inverse on all types of slopes. On shady and semi-shady slopes, NDVI had a quadratic relationship with the logarithm of SAp, but it was well fitted by using a cubic function on sunny and semi-sunny slopes. The sensitivity coefficients of soil chemical properties and NDVI were different, and soil chemical properties changed differently depending on changes in NDVI at different slope aspects.     

中国东部地区城市建设用地变化与利用效益分析

此次研究以中国东部地区87 个城市的建设用地为研究对象, 分析2000-2008 年城市建设用地变化的规律及变化的原因, 并对城市建设用地开展利用效益分类与判定研究。在研究的过程中, 主要应用了聚类分析法和判别分析法, 并利用ArcGIS 9.2, 将建设用地变化情况及影响因子空间化。研究结果表明:①城市建设用地总量增长非常大, 增长速度非常快;②城市建设用地的增长速度呈降低的趋势, 不同阶段差异明显;③城市建设用地变化在省域和区域经济圈内差异明显;④城市建设用地与国内生产总值和固定资产投资的相关性最高, 经济投入的增加与人口的增长推动了东部地区城市建设用地的变化;⑤将城市建设用地利用效益分为5 类, 并且第3 类城市的总数为488 个, 占到样本总体的62.32%, 地均建设用地第二产值对聚类结果的影响最大;⑥对5 类城市建设用地效益进行了判别, 确定了各类别的判别式, 并达到检验的要求。     

Spatial-temporal pattern and differences of land use changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China during 1975�C2005

Regional land use changes are an important part of global changes. The research on land use changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China attracts a lot of attention owing to the Three Gorges Dam building. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area becomes one of the important research areas. This study analyzed the transforming processes and traits of each land use type and the regional differences of land use changes during the past 30 years, summarized the distribution of different land use types in different buffer zones and regresses the equation areas and different buffer distances based on buffer analyses and regression analyses, and then analyzed the transforming rules in different buffer distances, got the optimal influence distances. The research results indicate that, (1) cultivated land lies at the northwest of the reservoir and was decreasing, however, the construction land was increasing, especially the urban construction land, a large number of land was flooded because of the reservoir water level rise; (2) urban area was sprawling quickly in developed and neighboring areas, and a great deal of cultivated land and a considerable amount of grassland were occupied; in the earlier time, rural settlements occupied lots of cultivated land and a sum of forestry land in the later time; (3) the optimum influenced distances for cultivated land and forestry land were 10–35 km, and for urban and rural settlements were in 5–20 km. Overall, this research can reflect the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use changes during the 30 years, and it is helpful for urban planning and land use planning in the reservoir area.     

Predicting TBM penetration rate in hard rock condition: A comparative study among six XGB-based metaheuristic techniques

A reliable and accurate prediction of the tunnel boring machine(TBM) performance can assist in minimizing the relevant risks of high capital costs and in scheduling tunneling projects.This research aims to develop six hybrid models of extreme gradient boosting(XGB) which are optimized by gray wolf optimization(GWO), particle swarm optimization(PSO), social spider optimization(SSO), sine cosine algorithm(SCA), multi verse optimization(MVO) and moth flame optimization(MFO), for estimation of the TBM penetration rate(PR).To do this, a comprehensive database with 1286 data samples was established where seven parameters including the rock quality designation, the rock mass rating, Brazilian tensile strength(BTS), rock mass weathering, the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS), revolution per minute and trust force per cutter(TFC), were set as inputs and TBM PR was selected as model output.Together with the mentioned six hybrid models, four single models i.e., artificial neural network, random forest regression, XGB and support vector regression were also built to estimate TBM PR for comparison purposes.These models were designed conducting several parametric studies on their most important parameters and then, their performance capacities were assessed through the use of root mean square error, coefficient of determination, mean absolute percentage error, and a10-index.Results of this study confirmed that the best predictive model of PR goes to the PSO-XGB technique with system error of(0.1453, and 0.1325), R~2 of(0.951, and 0.951), mean absolute percentage error(4.0689, and 3.8115), and a10-index of(0.9348, and 0.9496) in training and testing phases, respectively.The developed hybrid PSO-XGB can be introduced as an accurate, powerful and applicable technique in the field of TBM performance prediction.By conducting sensitivity analysis, it was found that UCS, BTS and TFC have the deepest impacts on the TBM PR.     

沈阳市城市功能区分布与人口活动研究

从精细尺度上研究城市功能区分布与人口活动规律对于政府和相关部门合理调节城市内部资源配置、安排城市设施布局具有重要意义。以沈阳市中心城区为例,根据核密度估计原理,基于兴趣点（POI）数据探索沈阳市中心功能区分布情况,通过解读多时相百度热力图数据,探索工作日和周末城区人口时空分布规律,即从城市人口活动和城市功能设施分布2个角度解读沈阳市中心城区空间结构与组织形式。借助SPSS 20.0分析人口热度和设施分布的相关性关系,建立多元线性回归模型。主要结论如下：① 沈阳市城市活力区呈现多中心分布模式,大多位于商业中心、金融中心或者城市功能复合中心。② 工作日人口高热区空间分布较周末更为分散,面积较大,早晚波动较大。周末人口高热区主要集中在商业中心和城市复合功能区且白天存在较大波动。③ 功能区分布与人口热度显著相关,其中生活服务设施、金融设施、交通设施、住宿设施和景点设施是工作日人口热度的主要影响因子;教育设施、餐饮设施、交通设施、金融设施和公共服务设施是周末人口热度的主要影响因子。     

Performance of Hybrid SCA-RF and HHO-RF Models for Predicting Backbreak in Open-Pit Mine Blasting Operations

Natural Resources Research - Backbreak is an adverse phenomenon in blasting operation, which can cause, among others, mine walls instability, falling down of machinery, drilling efficiency...