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1.
The laboratory simulation experiments on volatilization from the melts formed due to micrometeoroid impacts on the lunar surface were carried out. The simulation was performed using modulated laser pulses incident on rocks and minerals in vacuum; in so doing microcraters on the targets, glass particles, condensates were formed and gases solved in the bulk of the rock and mineral grains were released. It is shown that volatilization from only the crater glass layers is negligible, which fully confirms the theoretical predictions of Nussinov and Chernyak.The volatilizations from the drops formed by the micrometeoric impacts can be noticeable. For micron-sized drops, predominant among the others after the impact, the volatilization of Na, K and other volatiles can be up to 10 to 20%. For larger-sized (d102 m) drops the volatilization should lead to the appearance of the significant gradients of the element concentrations over the particle cross-section and as a result of their normalization it leads to the surface enrichment by some elements (Si and others).The mechanism of dust formation due to the surface rocks attack by volatilizing alkaline metals (Naughtonet al.) on the Moon probably is not effective. It is the consequence of such a fact that the condensate of the target materials evaporated due to other simultaneous micrometeoric impacts and had the same (as the target has) elemental composition is the very strong background for volatilizing and condensating alkaline elements.Preliminary conclusions about a possible correlation between the composition and the sizes of dust particles in the Solar system and in the Universe (at similar initial composition) have been drawn. 相似文献
2.
Web Use in Geographical and Environmental Education: An International Survey at the Primary and Secondary Level 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article aims to study Web use and Web-based co-operation and collaboration in geographical and environmental education
at the primary and secondary level around the world. Recent trends and future opportunities and challenges are taken into
account. The theoretical part of the study considers Web use and different forms of Web-based co-operation. Web use and co-operation
in education are classified as co-operative learning, collaborative learning or communal learning. Web use in geographical
and environmental education is noted to be growing in significance. Web-based co-operation at any level of intensity is associated
with many opportunities and challenges. The empirical part of this study involves a survey of geographical and environmental
education researchers in various countries about their views of Web use in education. The results of this survey indicate
that the Web in general finds minimal use in geographical and environmental education. As access to the Web is limited and
only some pupils can use it, co-operation, particularly collaborative learning on the Web, is still rare in geographical and
environmental education. The most often used application is e-mail. Researchers recognise the potential of the Web to enhance
local, national and international co-operation, and to facilitate a better understanding of geographical and environmental
issues at the grass-root level. Web-based learning can also help to increase and deepen the pupils' cultural understanding.
Before that, however, problems in access, costs and teacher training must be solved.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Routine surface wind speed data, vital for the study of drifting pack ice, are not available for the polar oceans. Over sea, it has been demonstrated by Hasse that estimates of surface wind speed may be obtained from the geostrophic wind speed using linear formulae. Comparing estimated with observed data for six sites in Canada, it is found that the formulae may also be applied to obtain estimates of surface wind speed over pack ice. 相似文献
4.
Lea Di Paolo Valerio Olivetti Sveva Corrado Luca Aldega Maria Laura Balestrieri Rosanna Maniscalco 《地学学报》2014,26(5):363-371
An extensive dataset of vitrinite reflectance, FTIR parameters on organic matter, illite content in mixed layers illite‐smectite, apatite fission tracks and U‐Th/He dating has been used to reconstruct the stepwise propagation of the Eastern Sicily fold‐and‐thrust belt during Late Palaeogene and Neogene times. The results indicate that the fold‐and‐thrust belt is divisible into two levels of thermal maturity. These levels consist of a less evolved level of thermal maturity that records limited sedimentary burial and minor heating, and a more evolved level of thermal maturity that indicates tectonic burial and exhumation at different times. Deformation and exhumation of shallowly buried units are linked to wedge forward propagation by low‐angle thrusts, whereas the evolution of deeply buried units is associated with tectonic imbrications by duplex formation and steep thrusts. The two tectonic styles alternate during evolution of the fold‐and‐thrust belt under low erosion rates. 相似文献
5.
Ultraviolet spectra of seven comets taken with the same instrument are presented. Comets P/Encke (1980), P/Tuttle (1980 h), P/Stephan-Oterma (1980 g), and Meier (1980 q) were observed during November-December 1980 with the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite observatory, while comets P/Borrelly (1980 i) and Panther (1980 u) were observed with IUE on 6 March 1981. The spectra of these comets are compared with those of comet Bradfield (1979 X), studied extensively earlier in 1980 with IUE, as well as with each other. In order to simplify the interpretation of the data and to minimize the dependence upon a specific model, the spectra are compared at approximately the same value of heliocentric distance whenever possible. Effects due to heliocentric velocity, geocentric distance, and optical depth are also discussed. All of the cometary spectra are remarkably similar, which suggests that these comets may have a common composition and origin. 相似文献
6.
Vladimir A. KrasnopolskyPaul D. Feldman 《Icarus》2002,160(1):86-94
A spectrum of Mars of unprecedented quality was obtained in the range of 904-1183 Å with a spectral resolution of 0.2 Å using the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. Besides marking the first detection of molecular hydrogen on Mars (Krasnopolsky and Feldman, Science 2001 294, 1914-1917), the spectrum also revealed many emission lines of H, O, N, C, Ar, He, N+, C+, and Ar+ and the bands of N2 and CO. The spectrum makes it possible to study the emission multiplet structures and the component ratios and to separate many of the blended lines. From the argon lines, we retrieved Ar mixing ratios of 1.5 and 1.3% at 150 and 130 km, respectively, in excellent agreement with the Viking mass spectrometric measurements of 1.6% in the lower atmosphere. The He 584-Å emission observed in second order also agrees with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer detection of He on Mars. The observed spectrum may be used as a database to study specific problems such as the dayglow excitation, radiative transfer, and composition in Mars' upper atmosphere. 相似文献
7.
Joaquin Bastias Mauricio Calderón Lea Israel Francisco Hervé Richard Spikings Robert Pankhurst 《International Geology Review》2020,62(11):1467-1484
ABSTRACT This paper addresses the Jurassic–Cretaceous stratigraphic evolution of fore-arc deposits exposed along the west coast of the northern Antarctic Peninsula. In the South Shetland Islands, Upper Jurassic deep-marine sediments are uncomformably overlain by a Lower Cretaceous volcaniclastic sequence that crops out on Livingston, Snow and Low islands. U-Pb zircon ages are presented for the upper Anchorage Formation (153.1 ± 1.7 Ma) and the Cape Wallace granodiorite of Low Island (137.1 ± 1.7 Ma) as well as 40Ar/39Ar ages of 136–139 Ma for Low Island andesites. Data are also presented for a U-Pb age of 109.0 ± 1.4 Ma for the upper volcanic succession of Snow Island. In combination with published stratigraphy, these data provide a refined chrono- and litho-stratigraphic framework for the deposits herein referred to as the Byers Basin. Tentative correlation is explored with previously described deposits on Adelaide and Alexander islands, which could suggest further continuation of the Byers Basin towards the south. We also discuss possible correlation of the Byers Basin with the Larsen Basin, a sequence that shows the evolution of foreland to back-arc deposits more or less contemporaneously with the fore-arc to intra-arc evolution of the Byers Basin. 相似文献
8.
Lubomír Kubáček Lea Bartalošová Ján Pecár Reviewer F. Charamza 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1977,21(3-4):227-235
Summary If the condition R(A)=k(n), whereA is the design matrix of the type n × k and k the number of parameters to be determined, is not satisfied, or if the covariance matrixH is singular, it is possible to determine the adjusted value of the unbiased estimable function of the parameters f(), its dispersion D(
(x)) and
2
as the unbiased estimate of the value of
2
by means of an arbitrary g-inversion of the matrix
. The matrix
, because of its remarkable properties, is called the Pandora Box matrix. The paper gives the proofs of these properties and the manner in which they can be employed in the calculus of observations. 相似文献
9.
Abstract The design of a spar buoy, employed as one component of a current monitoring system deployed during 1980 in Davis Strait, and some of its response characteristics to ocean waves are presented. The buoy was 36.5 ft (11.13 m) in length with upper and lower masts 0.5ft (15.2 cm) in diameter and buoyancy hulls, centrally located, 2 ft (61.0 cm) in diameter. Power for the system was supplied from lead‐acid batteries in a ballast tank on the lower end. Telemetry electronics were located in a 1‐ft (30.5‐cm) diameter case on the upper end, below the antenna. The buoy weighed about 1,635 lb (746kg) and could be man‐handled at sea with relatively light lifting equipment. It had a damped period of 16s and a significant heave response of about 62% of the significant wave height of the forcing spectrum. Scale model tests indicated that the buoy would be operational in heavy sea swell up to about 20ft in height with pitching angles of less than 10° off vertical. Observations at sea have shown that the buoy followed swell waves better than the 62% heave response figure would imply and had negligible pitching motions except during severe storms. The design was judged to be successful in providing a stable base for VHF transmission and is recommended for use in other applications. 相似文献
10.
山西铝土矿矿石中鲕、豆、碎屑等组构均具红土性质,结合化学成分特征、稀土元素特征、氧同住素特征、锆石等副矿物特征及含矿岩系底部岩层与下伏中奥陶纪灰岩关系和矿床分布与古陆、古岛的依赖关系等方面分析,铝土矿的成矿物质多是异源的,多为古陆上的铝硅酸盐岩红土风化产物,经流水以机械碎屑形式被搬运至海盆,沉积成矿 相似文献