改进支持向量机的高分遥感影像道路提取

针对支持向量机受分类数的限制在高分辨率遥感影像中无法直接获取高精度道路网信息的问题,该文提出一种新的混合的基于支持向量机的方法:首先,利用模糊C均值聚类方法将输入的遥感影像分为3类,以减少支持向量机的错分现象;其次,运用支持向量机将不同类别的像素分为道路类和非道路类;最后,应用马尔科夫随机场对分类结果进行噪声去除,并采用形态学进行后处理,进而得到精确道路网信息。实验结果表明:该算法不仅能够从高分辨率遥感影像中提取出道路网,而且精度优于直接使用支持向量机算法以及对比算法。     

遥感影像主特征线检测

受到成像规律性差,背景纹理复杂及强烈噪声的影响,直线检测方法通常难以适应遥感影像处理的需求。有鉴于此,论文提出一种具有视觉显著性的遥感影像主特征线检测方法。论文首先论证了利用已提取直线为基元,基于格式塔法则构建主特征线的可行性;其次对直线在主特征线上的复杂投影情况进行了详细的剖析,并给出了主特征线的定义;接着建立了主特征线累计权重矩阵及直线统计矩阵,依据格式塔原则分析直线权重分布规律,以此构建了直线的权重模型,同时探讨不同直线在同一主特征线上权重分配规律;最后依据上述分析结果提出了具体的算法步骤。通过多幅含有强烈噪声的光学与SAR遥感卫星影像实验结果表明,相对于其他聚类算法,论文算法能够在杂乱无序的直线集中提取较为清晰的主特征线,并且实验效果基本符合人工视觉感知,便于机器对遥感影像的清晰理解。     

Environmental flow assessment in a lake-marsh system with reverse seasonal hydrological patterns

Environmental flow (e-flow) assessment is essential for the ecological protection and restoration of lake-marsh systems. Previous studies on e-flow assessment for lake-marsh systems focused on lake-marsh systems with natural seasonal hydrological patterns (i.e., low water level in winter and high water level in summer). However, they have not considered lake-marsh systems with reverse seasonal hydrological patterns (i.e., high water level in winter and low water level in summer). The reverse seasonal hydrological patterns impose seriously negative impacts on waterbirds, because the hydrological patterns could lead to limited plant germination in spring and massive plant death in summer, leaving few plants available as food for waterbirds in winter, and could consequently reduce the sheltering and forageable areas for waterbirds. This study took Hongze Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve in China as the study area. Based on the habitat requirements of waterbirds, the sheltering and forageable areas for waterbirds under different water-depth and aquatic plant distribution scenarios were calculated. By exploring the impacts of reverse seasonal hydrological processes on waterbird habitats, we determined the necessary e-flows for lake-marsh systems with reverse seasonal hydrological patterns to meet the needs of waterbird habitat. The results showed that the water level of Hongze Lake should be controlled to 13.0–13.1 m in March, 12.5–12.6 m in July, and 12.9–13.0 m in October, which can meet the needs of waterbirds for both shelter and foraging.     

活动断层与地球物理方法

活动断层是诱发地震的主要原因，也是破坏城市建筑设施的主要因素。对活动断层进行探测并评价其危害性具有重要意义。在论述活动断层的特征及探测阶段的基础上，结合实例探讨了利用地球物理方法探测第四纪覆盖下的活动断层。实践表明，重磁方法和直流联合剖面法能直观地确定断层的地表位置；高密度电法、电磁法、浅层地震、地质雷达、井间层析成像、放射性方法等能提供断层的形态特征、近地表的活动规律，还能为活动断层的分段性研究提供依据。这对我国即将开展的大城市活动断层探测和评价工作具有指导作用。     

Conventional and Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resource Potential Evaluation of Source Rocks and Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation,Western Qaidam Basin,Northwest China

The Paleogene upper Xiaganchaigou Formation (E₃²) is the most important source rock and reservoir in the Qaidam Basin. However, there are few studies on the processes of hydrocarbon accumulation in this formation; therefore, its hydrocarbon resource potential has not been estimated reasonably. This paper evaluates the hydrocarbon generation properties in light of an improved hydrocarbon generation and expulsion potential model. According to the geochemical characteristics of source rocks and the petrological features of reservoirs, the potentials of different resource types, including conventional oil, tight oil and shale oil, are quantified by combining the buoyancy-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth (BHAD) and the lower limit for movable resource abundance. The results show that the source rocks are characterized by a large thickness (more than 1000 m), moderate organic matter content, high marginal maturity and a high conversion rate (50% hydrocarbons have been discharged before R_o?=?1%), which provide sufficient oil sources for reservoir formation. Moreover, the reservoirs in the Qaidam Basin consist mainly of low-porosity and low-permeability tight carbonates (porosity of 4.7% and permeability less than 1 mD). The maximum hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, retention and movable retention intensities at present are 350?×?10⁴ t/km², 250?×?10⁴ t/km², 130?×?10⁴ t/km² and 125?×?10⁴ t/km², respectively. The thresholds of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and BHAD were 0.46% R_o, 0.67% R_o and 0.7% R_o, respectively. Moreover, the dynamic evolution process of hydrocarbon accumulation was divided into three evolution stages, namely, (a) initial hydrocarbon accumulation, (b) conventional hydrocarbon reservoir and shale oil accumulation and (c) unconventional tight oil accumulation. The conventional oil, tight oil and movable shale oil resource potentials were 10.44?×?10⁸ t, 51.9?×?10⁸ t and 390?×?10⁸ t, respectively. This study demonstrates the good resource prospects of E₃² in the Qaidam Basin. A comprehensive workflow for unconventional petroleum resource potential evaluation is provided, and it has certain reference significance for other petroliferous basins, especially those in the early unconventional hydrocarbon exploration stage.

     

天然有机质对纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬的影响

应用纳米零价铁进行地下水污染治理是近年迅速发展的环境修复新技术,但在实际应用中,纳米零价铁的反应活性受到环境条件的影响,其中自然界中广泛存在的天然有机质就是重要影响因素。通过批实验研究腐殖酸(天然有机质代表物)对纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬的影响,结果表明,腐殖酸的存在能够极大地抑制纳米铁去除六价铬的反应速度和去除效率,原因在于纳米铁对腐殖酸具有一定的吸附作用,从而减少了纳米铁表面的有效活性位点,降低了对六价铬的作用。此外发现,水体中溶解氧的存在有利于纳米铁对六价铬的去除。关于腐殖酸-纳米零价铁-六价铬的相互作用研究,对于进一步揭示修复体系作用机制具有重要的理论和应用价值。     

基于浮标实测数据的WindSat海洋反演产品精度分析

To evaluate the ocean surface wind vector and the sea surface temperature obtained from Wind Sat, we compare these quantities over the time period from January 2004 to December 2013 with moored buoy measurements. The mean bias between the Wind Sat wind speed and the buoy wind speed is low for the low frequency wind speed product(WSPD_LF), ranging from –0.07 to 0.08 m/s in different selected areas. The overall RMS error is 0.98 m/s for WSPD_LF, ranging from 0.82 to 1.16 m/s in different selected regions. The wind speed retrieval result in the tropical Ocean is better than that of the coastal and offshore waters of the United States. In addition, the wind speed retrieval accuracy of WSPD_LF is better than that of the medium frequency wind speed product. The crosstalk analysis indicates that the Wind Sat wind speed retrieval contains some cross influences from the other geophysical parameters, such as sea surface temperature, water vapor and cloud liquid water. The mean bias between the Wind Sat wind direction and the buoy wind direction ranges from –0.46° to 1.19° in different selected regions. The overall RMS error is 19.59° when the wind speed is greater than 6 m/s. Measurements of the tropical ocean region have a better accuracy than those of the US west and east coasts. Very good agreement is obtained between sea surface temperatures of Wind Sat and buoy measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean; the overall RMS error is only 0.36°C, and the retrieval accuracy of the low latitudes is better than that of the middle and high latitudes.     

2004年-2013年WindSat海表面温度产品与浮标观测对比

利用美国国家浮标数据中心NDBC和热带大气海洋计划TAO浮标的海表面温度数据,对WindSat 2004年-2013年近10年的海表面温度产品进行了验证。结果表明,在美国沿岸海域,WindSat反演得到的海表面温度的平均偏差为0.10℃,标准偏差为0.59℃;在近赤道太平洋海域,反演得到的海表面温度的平均偏差为-0.15℃,标准偏差为0.33℃。WindSat海表面温度在夏季相对浮标实测值有正偏差增大和负偏差缩小的趋势,在美国东海岸以及墨西哥湾区域部分站点反演得到的海表面温度的标准偏差较大,其标准偏差超过1℃。在5-10 m/s风速段,WindSat海表面温度反演效果比较理想,平均偏差和标准偏差相对恒定。当风速大于12 m/s时,WindSat海表面温度反演的不确定性明显增加。与AMSR-E月平均海表面温度产品对比发现,夏季,WindSat SST较AMSR-E偏低;冬季,WindSat SST较AMSR-E偏高。     

Sustaining environmental flows in water-deficient rivers via inter-basin hydropower transfer

In water-deficient rivers, environmental flows (e-flows) are usually sustained via inter-basin water transfer projects from water-sufficient rivers, but these projects incur tremendous costs and may lead to many negative ecological effects, such as ecological invasion. This research proposed to transfer hydropower instead of water from water-sufficient rivers, because hydropower could substitute for water to promote economic development and reduce water withdrawal from water-deficient rivers (conserved water). In addition, based on the analysis of eco-hydrological processes, the flow regime alteration plays an important role in restoring riverine ecosystem. With the goal of minimum flow regime alternation, we set up two scenarios to distribute the annual conserved water, and determined the optimal amount of transferred hydropower and the optimal use of conserved water, which could effectively sustain the e-flows. Accordingly, this paper established a computable general equilibrium model to analyse the substitution of hydropower for water in a water-deficient river basin, and determined the water withdrawal volume that could be reduced. We adopted a range-of-variability approach to measure the degree of flow regime alteration, and optimized the flow regime management scheme. The Luanhe River Basin was adopted as a study case. The results showed that: the water-hydropower equivalent decreased as the transferred hydropower into the Luanhe River Basin increased; a transferred hydropower amount of 22.46 kWh/s, equivalent to 18.30 m³/s conserved water, was optimal for the river basin; the conserved water should be distributed to the Luanhe River in the proportions of 0.55:0.1:0.35 during the wet, normal and dry seasons, respectively, which is the optimal scheme to sustain the hydrological processes of the river.