全文获取类型
收费全文 | 48729篇 |
免费 | 1818篇 |
国内免费 | 1818篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1857篇 |
大气科学 | 3638篇 |
地球物理 | 9947篇 |
地质学 | 17928篇 |
海洋学 | 4578篇 |
天文学 | 11005篇 |
综合类 | 536篇 |
自然地理 | 2876篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 554篇 |
2021年 | 816篇 |
2020年 | 776篇 |
2019年 | 853篇 |
2018年 | 1409篇 |
2017年 | 1272篇 |
2016年 | 1514篇 |
2015年 | 1016篇 |
2014年 | 1506篇 |
2013年 | 2643篇 |
2012年 | 1728篇 |
2011年 | 2142篇 |
2010年 | 1914篇 |
2009年 | 2581篇 |
2008年 | 2193篇 |
2007年 | 2126篇 |
2006年 | 1978篇 |
2005年 | 1446篇 |
2004年 | 1405篇 |
2003年 | 1288篇 |
2002年 | 1239篇 |
2001年 | 1108篇 |
2000年 | 1041篇 |
1999年 | 904篇 |
1998年 | 899篇 |
1997年 | 874篇 |
1996年 | 732篇 |
1995年 | 733篇 |
1994年 | 648篇 |
1993年 | 552篇 |
1992年 | 523篇 |
1991年 | 514篇 |
1990年 | 587篇 |
1989年 | 505篇 |
1988年 | 463篇 |
1987年 | 586篇 |
1986年 | 488篇 |
1985年 | 610篇 |
1984年 | 691篇 |
1983年 | 661篇 |
1982年 | 577篇 |
1981年 | 608篇 |
1980年 | 501篇 |
1979年 | 477篇 |
1978年 | 477篇 |
1977年 | 436篇 |
1976年 | 420篇 |
1975年 | 417篇 |
1974年 | 396篇 |
1973年 | 426篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Sam J. Leuthold Stephanie A. Ewing Robert A. Payn Florence R. Miller Stephan G. Custer 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14029
In snowmelt-driven mountain watersheds, the hydrologic connectivity between meteoric waters and stream flow generation varies strongly with the season, reflecting variable connection to soil and groundwater storage within the watershed. This variable connectivity regulates how streamflow generation mechanisms transform the seasonal and elevational variation in oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ18O and δD) of meteoric precipitation. Thus, water isotopes in stream flow can signal immediate connectivity or more prolonged mixing, especially in high-relief mountainous catchments. We characterized δ18O and δD values in stream water along an elevational gradient in a mountain headwater catchment in southwestern Montana. Stream water isotopic compositions related most strongly to elevation between February and March, exhibiting higher δ18O and δD values with decreasing elevation. These elevational isotopic lapse rates likely reflect increased connection between stream flow and proximal snow-derived water sources heavily subject to elevational isotopic effects. These patterns disappeared during summer sampling, when consistently lower δ18O and δD values of stream water reflected contributions from snowmelt or colder rainfall, despite much higher δ18O and δD values expected in warmer seasonal rainfall. The consistently low isotopic values and absence of a trend with elevation during summer suggest lower connectivity between summer precipitation and stream flow generation as a consequence of drier soils and greater transpiration. As further evidence of intermittent seasonal connectivity between the stream and adjacent groundwaters, we observed a late-winter flush of nitrate into the stream at higher elevations, consistent with increased connection to accumulating mineralized nitrogen in riparian wetlands. This pattern was distinct from mid-summer patterns of nitrate loading at lower elevations that suggested heightened human recreational activity along the stream corridor. These observations provide insights linking stream flow generation and seasonal water storage in high elevation mountainous watersheds. Greater understanding of the connections between surface water, soil water and groundwater in these environments will help predict how the quality and quantity of mountain runoff will respond to changing climate and allow better informed water management decisions. 相似文献
2.
Subsurface flow measurements using passive flux meters in variably-saturated cold-regions landscapes
To date, passive flux meters have predominantly been applied in temperate environments for tracking the movement of contaminants in groundwater. This study applies these instruments to reduce uncertainty in (typically instantaneous) flux measurements made in a low-gradient, wetland dominated, discontinuous permafrost environment. This method supports improved estimation of unsaturated and over-winter subsurface flows which are very difficult to quantify using hydraulic gradient-based approaches. Improved subsurface flow estimates can play a key role in understanding the water budget of this landscape. 相似文献
3.
Stefanie Cable Bo Elberling Aart Kroon 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2018,47(2):423-442
This paper presents the history and cryostratigraphy of the upper permafrost in the High‐Arctic Adventdalen Valley, central Svalbard. Nineteen frozen sediment cores, up to 10.7 m long, obtained at five periglacial landforms, were analysed for cryostructures, ice, carbon and solute contents, and grain‐size distribution, and were 14C‐ and OSL‐dated. Spatial variability in ice and carbon contents is closely related to the sedimentary history and mode of permafrost aggradation. In the valley bottom, saline epigenetic permafrost with pore ice down to depths of 10.7 m depth formed in deltaic sediments since the mid‐Holocene; cryopegs were encountered below 6 m. In the top 1 to 5 m, syngenetic and quasi‐syngenetic permafrost with microlenticular, lenticular, suspended and organic‐matrix cryostructures developed due to loess and alluvial sedimentation since the colder late Holocene, which resulted in the burial of organic material. At the transition between deltaic sediments and loess, massive ice bodies occurred. A pingo developed where the deltaic sediments reached the surface. On hillslopes, suspended cryostructure on solifluction sheets indicates quasi‐syngenetic permafrost aggradation; lobes, in contrast, were ice‐poor. Suspended cryostructure in eluvial deposits reflects epigenetic or quasi‐syngenetic permafrost formation on a weathered bedrock plateau. Landform‐scale spatial variations in ground ice and carbon relate to variations in slope, sedimentation rate, moisture conditions and stratigraphy. Although the study reveals close links between Holocene landscape evolution and permafrost history, our results emphasize a large uncertainty in using terrain surface indicators to infer ground‐ice contents and upscale from core to landform scale in mountainous permafrost landscapes. 相似文献
4.
5.
The mass ratio of Charon to Pluto is a basic parameter describing the binary system and is necessary for determining the individual masses and densities of these two bodies. Previous measurements of the mass ratio have been made, but the solutions differ significantly (Null et al., 1993; Young et al., 1994; Null and Owen, 1996; Foust et al., 1997; Tholen and Buie, 1997). We present the first observations of Pluto and Charon with a well-calibrated astrometric instrument—the fine guidance sensors on the Hubble Space Telescope. We observed the motion of Pluto and Charon about the system barycenter over 4.4 days (69% of an orbital period) and determined the mass ratio to be 0.122±0.008 which implies a density of 1.8 to 2.1 g cm−3 for Pluto and 1.6 to 1.8 g cm−3 for Charon. The resulting rock-mass fractions for Pluto and Charon are higher than expected for bodies formed in the outer solar nebula, possibly indicating significant postaccretion loss of volatiles. 相似文献
6.
7.
Earth, Moon, and Planets - 相似文献
8.
The Cassini spacecraft, en route to Saturn, passed close to Jupiter while the Galileo spacecraft was completing its 28th and 29th orbits of Jupiter, thus offering a unique opportunity for direct study of the solar wind-Jovian interaction. Here evidence is given of response of the Jovian magnetopause and bow shock positions to changes of the north-south component of the solar wind magnetic field, a phenomenon long known to occur in equivalent circumstances at Earth. The period analyzed starts with the passage over Cassini of an interplanetary shock far upstream of Jupiter. The shock's arrival at Galileo on the dusk-flank of the magnetosphere caused Galileo to exit into the solar wind. Using inter-spacecraft timing based on the time delay established from the shock arrival at each spacecraft, we point out that Galileo's position with respect to the Jovian bow shock appears to correlate with changes in the disturbed north-south reversing field seen behind the shock. We specifically rule out the alternative of changes in the shape of the bow shock with rotations of the interplanetary magnetic field as the cause. 相似文献
9.
10.