From catfish to organic fish: making distinctions about nature as cultural economic practice

This paper addresses the cultural economy of nature and the material culture of economic practice. Attending to ways that cultural notions about the biophysical world play key roles in political economic conflicts, discussion centers on two recent debates involving the cultural economy of seafood production and trade. The first debate is over whether the label “catfish” should include catfish imported from Vietnam into the United States; the second deals with whether fish and shellfish should be eligible to be certified “organic” under new US regulations. Analysis reveals that the key dynamic in these debates is not necessarily how people think about “nature”, but instead is how people make distinctions about the world. Rather than focusing on what is natural or not, key actors make distinctions among both organisms and environments. The ways that different groups define and enclose the biophysical world works to distinguish places as either appropriate or not for certain kinds of production activities. The overall argument is that significance and meaning of the biophysical become implicated in economic geographies by making distinctions about the world that then become important for how economic activity can work. As such, cultural economic approaches should attend to the ways that the biophysical is involved in relations such as competition and international trade, while nature-society approaches should shift focus from Nature to specific aspects of the biophysical world.     

Spatial correlations between urbanization and river water pollution in the heavily polluted area of Taihu Lake Basin, China

Water pollution in the Taihu Lake Basin has been the focus of attention in China and abroad for a long time, due to its position in the forefront of urban development in China. Based on data gathering and processing from 84 monitoring sections in this heavily polluted area, this study first analyzes spatial patterns of urbanization and the distribution of river water pollution, and then uses the GeoDa bivariate spatial autocorrelation model to investigate the spatial correlation between urbanization and river water pollution at the scale of township units. The results show that urbanization has adverse impacts on water pollution, and the influence varies in different levels of development areas. The urban township units have the highest level of urbanization and highest pollution, but the best water quality; the suburban units have lower level of urbanization, but higher pollution and worse water quality; however the rural units have the lowest level of urbanization and lowest pollution, mainly affected by upstream pollution, but worst water quality. Lastly, urban and rural planning committees, while actively promoting the process of development in the region, should gradually resolve the issue of pollution control lagging behind urban life and urban develop- ment, giving priority to construction of centralized sewage treatment facilities and associated pipeline network coverage in the rural areas and suburban areas.     

鲁西新太古代济宁群含铁岩系形成时代——SHRIMP U-Pb锆石定年

济宁群以隐伏的地质体分布于华北克拉通鲁西地区,以往被划归古元古代。近年来在济宁群的钻探和地球物理研究中,发现存在较大规模条带状硅铁建造,其形成时代引起地学界极大关注。本文对济宁群变质碎屑沉积岩和长英质火山岩进行了锆石SHRIMP年龄测定。含砾绿泥绢云千枚岩的碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在～2.7Ga,可靠的最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为2.61±0.01Ga。变质长英质火山岩岩浆锆石年龄为2.56±0.02Ga。研究表明,济宁群形成于新太古代晚期,而不是以往认为的古元古代。华北克拉通条带状铁建造主要形成于新太古代晚期。济宁群在岩石组合、变质作用方面与鞍山、冀东以及五台地区同时代含硅铁建造的表壳岩系有差别,但是与本溪南芬铁矿的岩石组合有相似之处。这些可能为我国的隐伏太古宙BIF铁矿的研究与勘探提供了重要依据。     

Property Regime or Development Policy? Explaining Growth in the U.S. Pacific Groundfish Fishery

Researchers often blame problems in fisheries on the property regime under which a fishery is practiced. Depending on their perspective, researchers locate the cause of problems in either common property or open access regimes. However, because these approaches rely on the assumption of the “economically rational individual,” they obfuscate the specific cultural, political, and economic practices that shape resource use. Analysis of the U.S. Pacific groundfish fishery shows that growth and subsequent problems in this fishery are the result of a state‐led fisheries development program implemented through a series of national, regional, and local policies designed to extend sovereign control to include ocean territory. These policies both created a climate of fisheries development and provided the means by which the fishery could grow. This analysis highlights the need to examine historic and geographic specificity to explain resource use, rather than relying upon generalized models that posit a deterministic relationship between property regimes and socioenvironmental outcomes.     

从区域一体化看融合交通——以粤港澳大湾区和港深广高铁线为例

高铁的网络化规划和发展为粤港澳大湾区内居民跨城活动提供便捷的快速公交式服务,是粤港澳大湾区形塑“一小时生活圈”的重要支撑。高铁站与城市公共交通的接驳在高铁出行链中占据重要位置,对更好发挥高铁时空压缩效应、提升居民高铁出行满意度、增加高铁出行选择及载客量具有重要意义。本文结合融合交通理论与旅客换乘经历,提出高铁站与城市公共交通接驳理论框架与实地观察指标,并应用到广深港沿线香港西九龙站、深圳北站、广州南站的观察式调研中,分析和对比3个高铁站的公共交通接驳表现。研究发现：在信息衔接层面,香港西九龙站展现出更好的国际化形象与对特殊人群的人文关怀;在设施和服务衔接层面,深圳北站与香港西九龙站以商场作为公共交通换乘点/路线连接点的设计,优化了换乘环境;在车票制度衔接层面,广州南站与深圳北站更好运用信息化技术,便利换乘服务。最后,基于调研结论提出相关建议以提升高铁站点城市公共交通接驳水准,促进粤港澳大湾区发展。     

Sources,transport, and sinks of SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> over the equatorial Pacific during the Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment

The Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment (PASE) is the first sulfur-budget field experiment to feature simultaneous flux measurements of DMS marine emissions and SO₂ deposition to the ocean surface. We make use of these data to constrain a 1-D chemical transport model to study the production and loss pathways for DMS and SO₂ over the equatorial Pacific. Model results suggest that OH is the main sink for DMS in the boundary layer (BL), and the average DMS-to-SO₂ conversion efficiency is ~73%. In an exploratory run involving the addition of 1 pptv of BrO as a second oxidant, a 14% increase in the DMS flux is needed beyond that based on OH oxidation alone. This BrO addition also reduces the DMS-to-SO₂ conversion efficiency from 73% to 60%. The possibility of non-DMS sources of marine sulfur influencing the estimated conversion efficiency was explored and found to be unconvincing. For BL conditions, SO₂ losses consist of 48% dry deposition, while transport loss to the BuL and aerosol scavenging each account for another 19%. The conversion of SO₂ to H₂SO₄ consumes the final 14%. In the BuL, cloud scavenging removes 85% of the SO₂, thus resulting in a decreasing vertical profile for SO₂. The average SO₂ dry deposition velocity from direct measurements (i.e., 0.36 cm sec⁻¹) is approximately 50% of what is calculated from the 1-D model and the global GEOS-Chem model. This suggests that the current generation of global models may be significantly overestimating SO₂ deposition rates over some tropical marine areas. Although the specific mechanism cannot be determined, speculation here is that the dry deposition anomalous results may point to the presence of a micro-surface chemical phenomenon involving partial saturation with either S(IV) and/or S(VI) DMS oxidation products. This could also appear as a pH drop in the ocean’s surface microfilm layer in this region. Finally, we propose that the enhanced SO₂ level observed in the lower free troposphere versus that in the upper BuL during PASE is most likely the result of transported DMS/SO₂-rich free-tropospheric air parcels from the east of the PASE sampling area, rather than an inadequate representation in the model of local convection.     

Industrial and agricultural effects on water environment and its optimization in heavily polluted area in Taihu Lake Basin, China

The deteriorating water quality in the Taihu Lake Basin has attracted widespread attention for many years, and is correlated with a sharp increase in the quantity of pollutant discharge such as agricultural fertilizers and industrial wastewater. In this study, several factors were selected for evaluating and regionalizing the water environmental capacity by ArcGIS spatial analysis, including geomorphologic characteristics, water quality goals, water body accessibility, water-dilution channels, and current water quality. Then, the spatial optimization of agriculture and industry was adjusted through overlay analysis, based on the balance between industrial space and water environmental capacity. The results show that the water environmental capacity gradually decreases from the west to the east, in contrast, the pollution caused by industrial and agricultural clustering is distributes along Taihu Lake, Gehu Lake and urban districts. The analysis of the agricultural space focuses on optimizing key protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and the shores of Gehu Lake, optimally adjusting the second protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and generally adjusting the urban areas of Changzhou and Wuxi cities. The analysis of industrial space focuses on optimizing the downtowns of Changzhou and Wuxi cities, optimally adjusting key protected areas and second protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and generally adjusting the south and southwest of Gehu Lake. Lastly, some schemes of industrial and agricultural layouts and policies for the direction of industrial and agricultural development were proposed, reflecting a correlation between industry and agriculture and the water environment.     

Radiogenic isotope investigation of the St‐Robert H5 fall

Abstract— The St‐Robert H5 chondrite yields a mineral/whole‐rock Pb‐Pb age of 4565 ± 23 Ma (2σ) comparable to the accepted age of most chondrites. The regression of chondrule data give a similar age of 4566 ± 7 Ma (2σ). These results imply that no major perturbation affected the Pb‐Pb systematics of this meteorite's parent body within the first few billion years following its accretion. Re and Os concentrations along with Os isotopic compositions of whole‐rock fragments, surface fusion crusts and metal phases are also reported. The whole rock measurements for this ordinary chondrite are characterized by high Re/Os ratio coupled with relatively high ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os (compared to average ordinary chondrites), that we interpret as a long term Re enrichment. As for most chondrites, no precise geochronological information could be extracted from the Re/Os systematics, although most data plot near the IIIAB reference isochron (Smoliar et al. 1996). From the fusion crust results, we rule out the possibility that atmospheric entry caused the perturbations in the Re‐Os system, since melted crust analysis yields among the most concordant data points. Evidence from metal phases suggests that a very recent process perturbed the isochron, relocating Re from kamacite toward troilite.     

智慧社会下的城市地理学研究——基于居民活动的视角

智慧社会下,信息通信技术已经渗透到居民日常生活中各个方面的网络/实体活动经历,是理解智慧社会发展的核心。同时,虚拟—实体空间关系、网络—实体活动关系及其对城市地域空间重构与演化的影响一直得到城市地理学者的广泛关注。在综述已有居民活动时空间研究的基础上,指出智慧社会下居民网络—实体活动的关系已经超越简单的替代—促进二元关系,而承载网络与实体活动的虚拟与实体空间也相互交织影响,挑战对实体空间中地方与移动性的理解,并重构虚拟空间中的秩序和规律,丰富智慧社会下城市地理学的研究问题。超越技术决定论与基于技术决定论的虚实空间二元论的讨论范畴,更能反映城市地理学在智慧社会发展话语体系中的地位。与发达国家不同,中国同时经历着快速的信息化与城镇化,对居民网络/实体活动组织及虚拟—实体空间关系的研究不仅提供了新的案例与理论贡献,而且为城镇化的可持续发展提供实践策略。     

利用有限单元伽勒金法反求非线性流情况下砾石层的渗透系数

地下水流问题的数字计算机的应用,现虽处于高度发展阶段,但在采用这种数学物理模型时,首先要知道含水层的导水性能。过去利用水位观察资料或抽水试验资料计算水文地质参数的方法,只能适用于简单的含水体系,由于高度复杂的地质体并且间隙水流为非线性的这类参数如何确定还没有解决,如果利用近期发展起来的有限单元法来反求参数是一种理想的选择,特别是与古典的伽勒金法结合起来,既可简化数学处理过程,并有利于解非线性流问题。古典的伽勒金法原来只能适用于简易的分析域,而且要求介质为均一,但与空间离散的有限单元法结合起来,还便于解非均质而且边界不规则的问题。