2000～2008年中国东北样带植被变化

利用经过重建后的 2000～2008年生长季MODIS-NDVI时间序列逐年生长季均值对中国东北样带植被覆盖变化进行了研究,发现植被NDVI变化过程具有明显的时空分异特征.在时间上,2001年与2002年NDVI均值比 2000～2008年9年均值分别偏低1.89%和1.44%,而2003年和2008年分别偏高2.92%和2.87%.在空间上,样带东部半湿润地区植被覆盖在 2000～2008年间年际变化很小,NDVI波动在2%以下.样带中部半干旱区NDVI波动一般低于5%.而样带西部干旱的草原和荒漠化草原区植被覆盖波动明显,NDVI波动于2003年和2008年分别出现了8.51%和6.35%高值,裸地甚至于2003年出现了高达15.07%的波动.研究区NDVI变化的时空分异特征,对遥感研究和生产实践有重要意义.一方面,在进行陆地生态系统变化监测时,不能用少数几次的监测结果预测变化趋势,这对"高空间分辨率-低时间分辨率"遥感数据应用有重要意义; 另一方面,NDVI波动的空间差异,要求在变化监测时把重点放在NDVI波动频繁的地区.     

Inter‐annual changes of alpine inland lake water storage on the Tibetan Plateau: Detection and analysis by integrating satellite altimetry and optical imagery

The effects of climate change have a substantial influence on the extremely vulnerable hydrologic environment of the Tibetan Plateau. The estimation of alpine inland lake water storage variations is essential to modeling the alpine hydrologic process and evaluating water resources. Due to a lack of historical hydrologic observations in this remote and inaccessible region, such estimations also fill a gap in studies on the continuous inter‐annual and seasonal changes in the inland lake water budget. Using Lake Siling Co as a case study, we derived a time‐series of lake surface extents from MODIS imagery, and scarce lake water level data from the satellite altimetry of two sensors (ICESat/GLAS and ENVISAT RA‐2) between 2001 and 2011. Then, based on the fact that the rise in lake water levels is tightly dependent on the expansion of the lake extent, we established an empirical model to simulate a continuous lake water level dataset corresponding to the lake area data during the lake's unfreezing period. Consequently, from three dimensions, the lake surface area, water level and water storage variations consistently revealed that Lake Siling Co exhibited a dramatic trend to expand, particularly from 2001 to 2006. Based on the statistical model and lake area measurements from Landsat images since 1972, the extrapolated lake water level and water storage indicate that the lake has maintained a continual expansion process and that the cumulative water storage variations during 1999–2011 account for 66.84% of the total lake water budget (26.87 km³) from 1972 to 2011. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heterogeneous change patterns of water level for inland lakes in High Mountain Asia derived from multi‐mission satellite altimetry

High‐altitude inland lakes in High Mountain Asia (HMA) are key indicators to climate change and variability as a result of mostly closed watersheds and minimal disturbance by human activities. However, examination of the spatial and temporal pattern of lake changes, especially for water‐level variations, is usually limited by poor accessibility of most lakes. Recently, satellite altimeters have demonstrated their potential to monitor water level changes of terrestrial water bodies including lakes and rivers. By combining multiple satellite altimetry data provided by the Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) and Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument on the NASA Ice, Cloud and land Elevation satellite (ICESat), this study examined water level changes of typical lakes in HMA at a longer timescale (in the 1990s and 2000s) compared with earlier studies on Tibetan lakes. Cross‐evaluation of the radar altimetry data from LEGOS and laser altimetry data from ICESat/GLAS shows that they were in good agreement in depicting inter‐annual, seasonal and abrupt changes of lake level. The long‐term altimetry measurements reveal that water‐level changes of the 18 lakes showed remarkable spatial and temporal patterns that were characterized by different trends, onsets of rapid rises and magnitudes of inter‐annual variations for different lakes. During the study period, lakes in the central and northern HMA (15 lakes) showed a general growth tendency, while lakes in South Tibet (three lakes) showed significant shrinking tendency. Lakes in Central Tibet experienced rapid and stable water‐level rises around mid‐1990s followed by slowing growth rates after 2006. In contrast, the water‐level rises of lakes in the northern and north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau were characterized by abrupt increases in specific years rather than gradual growth. Meteorological data based on station observations indicate that the annual changes of water level showed strongly correlated with precipitation and evaporation but may not evidently related to the glacier melting induced by global warming. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

净全辐射异常值的审核处理

针对近年来在省级质量控制数据R文件时净全辐射出现的问题,利用<地面自动站观测资料三级质量控制软件--省级软件>对净全辐射质量控制时数据异常原因进行举例分析,并采用人机交互方法对经质量控制后系统自动生成的疑误信息进行综合分析判断,同时结合有关规定和问题解答提出相应的处理方法,以确保净全辐射观测数据的真实、准确、可靠,进而为业务科研工作提供科学的、准确的数据.     

呼伦湖主要入湖河流克鲁伦河丰水期污染物通量(2010-2014)

为控制呼伦湖的水体恶化趋势,利用2010-2014年的水质监测数据首次对呼伦湖的主要入湖河流——克鲁伦河丰水期(6-8月)氨氮、总氮、总磷和化学需氧量等污染物的入湖通量进行详细研究.采用单因子指数法对水质进行评价,通过等标污染负荷确定入湖口的首要污染物,利用相关性分析研究水质、水量、污染物通量三者之间的相互关系.结果表明:克鲁伦河入湖口水体受总氮与化学需氧量污染较为严重,均处于V类或劣V类水平,总磷浓度整体处于Ⅲ~Ⅳ类水平.污染物入湖通量有逐年递增之势,2014年稍有下降,总氮的等标污染负荷最高,为入湖口的主要污染物.入湖口水质与水量呈现出一定的正相关关系,水量是影响污染物入湖通量的关键因子,而入湖水质则是影响入湖通量的主要影响因子.控制总氮及化学需氧量的入湖通量是当前的首要任务,合理控制放牧、将村镇的污废水处理后达标排放是减轻河湖水体污染的当务之急.     

A new acyclic peroxide from Aspergillus nidulans SD-531, a fungus obtained from deep-sea sediment of cold spring in the South China Sea

A new acyclic peroxide derivative asperoxide A(1),along with 13 known compounds,namely,microperfuranone(2),9-hydroxymicroperfuranone(3),gibellulin A(4),lecanoric acid(5),terrequinone A(6),sterigmatocystin(7),isosecosterigmatocystin(8),arugo sin C(9),curvularin(10),3,3 '-diindolylmethane(11),austinol(12),austin(13),and dehydroaustin(14),were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Aspergillus nidulans SD-531,a fungus obtained from the deep-sea sediment of cold spring in the South China Sea.Their structures were determined based on detailed interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data analysis.All the isolated compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against human and aquatic bacteria as well as plant pathogenic fungi.Compounds1-8,10,and 11 exhibited antimicrobial activities against some of the te sted strains with minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) values ranging from 2 to 64 μg/mL.Compounds 4 and 6 displayed strongest activities among the tested samples and might be used as promising molecules for the development of natural antimicrobial agents.     

青藏高原东北部MODIS LST时间序列重建及与台站地温比较

通过遥感获取地表温度（地温,LST）可以弥补气象站地温数据局地性的不足。但受某些因素影响,遥感MODIS LST标准产品中的影像存在＂云污染＂等噪音像元以及空缺值,影响了LST数据应用。本文在利用LST产品的质量标记信息（QA）和直方图极值去除法过滤低质量、不可靠LST像元的基础上,提出了一种基于DEM-LST回归关系的滑动窗口空间重建算法,对2008年青藏高原东北部TERRA/AQUA上共4个温度通道的MODIS LST进行了重建,得到空间完整的LST时间序列。将重建后的LST与研究区11个气象站地表温度数据（T）的比较表明,在8day合成序列上LST-T一致性很好,平均相关系数达0．96,平均绝对误差为2．02℃;LSTT在月、年的尺度上更没有显著差异（平均绝对误差分别为1．55℃和0．60℃）。LST与T存在的差异与两者的时空定义的不一致性有必然的联系,但是仍然存在的低水平噪音表明若需要更高精度的LST数据需要更细致的去云处理。     

周向应力在地壳运动中的作用

地壳运动的驱动力一直存在争议。目前虽然提出了很多假说,但这些假说所描述的驱动力数量级均较小,不足以推动地壳运动;另外,大量实际地应力测量表明,水平主压应力在三个地应力分量中最大,被看作地壳“异常”压力,其机理也没有统一的认识。因此,有必要弄清楚地壳运动的动力来源是什么及为什么会出现这种水平应力占主导的现象。受背斜构造或石拱桥的侧向支撑的启发,通过地球模型受力分析得出,地壳作为球壳在自重下会相互挤压,在圆周方向产生很强的周向应力。周向应力大于重力,且由重力派生,和实测的地应力特征是一致的。推测该应力在20 km深处约为900 MPa,足以驱动板块运动(>500 MPa)。因软流圈是可流动的,其上面的岩石圈只要存在薄弱带,该应力就会释放,板块之间从而产生相对运动。整个洋壳和拱桥类似,在该力的作用下,会在俯冲带处下插至陆壳深部,俯冲带就是岩石圈的薄弱区,它因此会承担部分甚至全部洋壳的重量。最后提出,没有独立于重力的、可独立起作用的构造力或碰撞力,周向应力是地壳运动的唯一具有足够数量级的驱动力。     

基于TVDI的藏北地区土壤湿度空间格局

利用2010年DOY 209期的Terra/MODIS 16 d合成的植被指数(EVI)产品数据MOD13A2和8d天合成的地表温度(LST)产品数据MOD11 A2,构建LST-EVI特征空间,从而得到了条件温度植被干旱指数TVDI反映的藏北土壤湿度空间分布图.结合野外同步土壤表层水含量测试数据,二者表现出较好的相关...     

藏北地区三种时序NDVI重建方法与应用分析

遥感植被指数时间序列数据集,已广泛应用于陆地生态环境变化监测与模拟、植被覆盖动态变化分析、植被物候特征识别与信息提取等多方面的研究.但其因受遥感器采集与传输过程、大气条件、地面状况等诸多因素的影响,时序NDVI数据包含各种噪声,因此研究者们发展了一系列时间序列曲线重建方法.本文对近年来提出或改进的重建算法原理、优缺点进...