土壤有机无机复合体的研究进展

对土壤有机无机复合体结构模型、有机无机复合体与团聚体的关系、有机无机复合体的肥力特征等方面的最新研究成果进行了综合评述。现代测试技术和计算机技术的应用为土壤有机无机复合体的研究提供了新的研究途径,发展形成了腐殖质胶体、有机无机复合体及有机质-异源生物物质复合体的结构模型,在纳米化学水平和三维分子结构模型上重新认识和阐明土壤有机无机复合体的结构和功能;有机无机复合体是土壤改良剂、营养源和重金属或有机有毒污染物过滤器;应在土壤科学、环境科学和生态学中,重视有机物质与矿物质相互作用和结构模型研究,加强土壤有机无机复合体环境化学行为和颗粒迁移动力学的研究。     

Integrated Indicators-based Gradation of Cultivated Land Quality in Mountainous Region of Southwestern China

1 Introduction The gradation of cultivated land is to assess the suitability of cultivated land for agricultural production in terms of natural and economic prop-erties of land (Feng et al. 2004). It can be used to evaluate sustainability of land use and …     

Mountain Land Use Planning of Metropolitan Suburbs： the Case of the Jinyun Mountain and Its Surrounding area, Chongqing, China

Open space of metropolitan suburbs in mountain region, has been increasingly becoming the coupling mosaic structure of industrial actions and landscape behaviors. However, the local governments, when making land use planning, often aim at economic development, and rarely refer to the coordination of compatibilities and conflicts between industrial actions and landscape behaviors in the mosaic structure. In this study land use in the Jinyun Mountain and its surrounding area, Chongqing is adjusted by gray multi-objective programming approach and local-level decision-making process to cope with conflicts between objectives for human welfare and objectives for landscape conservation. The results indicate that： 1） the compatibilities and conflicts among different behavior characters and different landscape types result in the compatibilities of landscape to human behavior; 2） a land use planning in the study area is produced based on the sustainable land use and social-eco development, which pays more attention to the resources and environment constraints and economic objectives, and follows the distribution law of rare resources; 3） in the study area, cultivated land of 1,207.27 ha can meet the demands for food and byproducts by the residents there, orchard land and forestland of 632.55 ha, 2,276.61 ha, respectively can provide enough spaee for the local people to improve their living structure and meet their demands for reereational activities, and urban residential land, rural residential land, mining land and transportation land of 1107.60 ha, 120.27 ha, 162.48 ha, 100.91 ha, respeetively can satisfy the resident＇s eeonomie development and infrastructures; 4） the equilibrium among industrial actions, landscape accessibility and ecological conservation can be obtained by analyzing the possible impaets of human activities on landscape eeologieal proeess in open spaee of metropolitan suburbs in mountain areas.     

不同生计类型农户的土地利用——三峡库区典型村的实证研究

采用分层随机抽样、参与式农村评估、地块调查等方法,研究了重庆市涪陵区珍溪镇3 个典型村样本农户的土地利用和土地投入的差异。共调查了227 户,2250 个地块。结果发现：① 除了6.17%的非农户土地撂荒、退耕或出租外,纯农户、一兼户、二兼户的土地利用类型均以集约为主。纯农户因年龄结构老龄化,劳动力供应不足,相对粗放的耕地面积为48.95%。一兼户相对集约利用的面积比例为71.08%。二兼户相对集约利用的面积比例为67.20%。② 土地投入有明显差异。纯农户每公顷农业劳动力投入少,劳动力老龄化;由于缺乏资金,农业机械及省工性投入少,多选择农家肥及磷肥、碳铵等价格较低的传统肥料。一兼户劳动力投入的数量与质量都最高,有长期投资农业的意愿与动力,农业机械投资量最大,保持了较高的农家肥施用量,且各种化肥配合施用,用量适中;二兼户每公顷农业劳动力投入大,以老人与妇女为主;由于收入高,农业机械及省工性投入比纯农户多,首选价格高、省劳力的化肥。非农户无土地投入。`     

Identification of the “source” and “sink” patterns influencing non-point source pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source pollution is one of the primarily ecological issues affecting the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In this paper, landscape resistance and motivation coefficient, which integrated various landscape elements, such as land use, soil, hydrology, topography, and vegetation, was established based on the effects of large-scale resistance and motivation on the formation of non-point source pollution. In addition, cost models of the landscape resistance and motivation coefficients were constructed based on the distances from the landscape units to the sub-basin outlets in order to identify the “source” and “sink” patterns affecting the formation of non-point source pollution. The results indicated that the changes in the landscape resistance and motivation coefficients of the 16 sub-basins exhibited inverse relationships to their spatial distributions. The landscape resistance and motivation cost curves were more volatile than the landscape resistance and motivation coefficient curves. The landscape resistance and motivation cost trends of the 16 sub-basins became increasingly apparent along the flow of the Yangtze River. The landscape resistance and motivation cost models proposed in this paper could be used to identify large-scale non-point source pollution “source” and “sink” patterns. Moreover, the proposed model could be used to describe the large-scale spatial characteristics of non-point source pollution formation based on “source” and “sink” landscape pattern indices, spatial localization, and landscape resistance and motivation coefficients.     

重庆喀斯特地区土地覆被类型对土壤特征的影响

1 Introduction The karst region of Southwest China, with Guizhou Province as the center, extends across Yunnan Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Chongqing, western Hunan Province, Hubei Province, and Guangdong Province, coveri…     

紫色土母质的分布及其地质环境——紫色土再研究

紫色土的分布决定于其母质--紫色岩石的分布.紫色岩石是红层的主要部分.红层的形成有一定的水热条件限制,当今地表红层的分布状况却与当地的现实水热条件不完全相符.因此,只有从地质历史演进的角度看待今日红层岩石的分布规律.通过讨论红层分布的历史原因,认为紫色岩石的分布是全球性的,紫色土亦然.     

岩溶地区休闲农业旅游对土壤环境的影响

为了探明在川东岩溶地区蓬勃兴起的休闲农业旅游活动对土壤生态环境的影响,以重庆市铜梁区黄桷门奇彩梦园（黄门现代农业园区）（下称“奇彩梦园”）和北碚区金果园（休闲观光果园）（下称“金果园”）游步道两侧的土壤样区为研究对象,通过现场调查、采样和实验室分析,研究了土壤各生态指标受影响的距离、受冲击规律及重金属潜在风险。结果表明:受农业游憩影响,两园区土壤含水量、土壤有机质、土壤全氮及碱解氮随着离游径的距离变小呈递减的趋势,土壤容重呈递增的趋势,而土壤pH值仅在奇彩梦园表现出随离游径的距离变小呈递增趋势,各指标受影响的范围主要集中在4 m内;运用践踏指数分析得出两园区处于轻度践踏状态,土壤腐殖质层和草本并没有完全破坏,土壤生态环境在自然状态下可以得到一定恢复。通过对两园区土壤重金属的评价,发现各样区土壤环境处于清洁或尚清洁状态,Cd和Pb在部分样区内含量达到安全警戒状态（污染指数＞0.7）,需采取措施重点防控。      

重庆岩溶区景观格局特征分析

借用景观空间格局指数分析重庆岩溶区景观格局框架, 辨识影响景观格局的驱动因素。结 果表明： 重庆岩溶区景观分布不均匀,少数几类控制着整体景观。嵌块体几何形状较复杂,被分割 程度较低,破碎化现象不明显, 空间异质化程度低。各亚区景观多样性, 均处于最大值2.81 的中 间段, 有一种或少数几种景观类型起支配地位。人工干扰程度和丰富度依I、II 和III 区地势降低 的态势而增加, 异质化程度、不均匀性和优势度则呈相反趋势。分维数差异不明显, 形状指数变幅 较大, 不同区景观嵌块体几何形状较复杂且差异悬殊。森林景观嵌块体密度和分离度按I、II 和 III 区的顺序依次增加, 耕地、园地和居民工矿用地则分别依次减少。边界密度除了III 区水域为 63.03 外, 其余都在1.82~9.14 之间。景观整体特征I 和II 区相似, 而与III 区存在显著差异。内地 质作用在大的环境背景下控制着岩溶区景观格局特征的基本框架, 外营动力在较短时空尺度上 决定岩溶区景观格局特征的纵深态势。研究可为区域岩溶景观格局调控、景观规划和生态经济的 持续发展等宏观决策提供科学依据和理论支撑, 为岩溶区区域生态安全评价积累数据基础。