Evidence for quantized and variable redshifts in the cosmic background rest frame

Evidence is presented for redshift quantization and variability as detected in global studies done in the rest frame of the cosmic background radiation. Quantization is strong and consistent with predictions derived from concepts associated with multidimensional time. Nine families of periods are possible but not equally likely. The most basic family contains previously known periods of 73 and 36 km s^–1 and shorter harmonics at 18.3 and 9.15 km s^–1. Several approaches to evaluating the significance of quantization are employed and the dependence on redshift, the width and shape of 21 cm profiles and morphology is discussed. Common properties between samples define several basic classes of galaxies. Quantization is consistently optimized for a transformation vertex very close to the vertex of the cosmic background dipole. Relationships between cosmocentric and galactocentric rest frames are discussed.     

Redshift quantization - a review

Redshift quantization has three main facets: 1) the internal organization of galaxies, 2) differential effects between galaxies in physical systems, 3) global effects linking all galaxies and cosmology. The subject originated as an outgrowth of redshift correlation studies including studies of internal kinematics of galaxies. While possibly central to understanding redshift quantization, this aspect is complex and largely undeveloped. The bulk of the evidence for redshift quantization comes from differential and global periodicity testing. More recently redshift variability has been associated with the phenomenon. Early work in theory led to a determination ofq0 close to 0.5. A new association between quantization and the Cosmic Background Radiation further links redshift quantization with basic cosmology.     

Equipment Decontamination Procedures for Ground Water and Vadose Zone Monitoring Programs: Status and Prospects

A major portion of the work effort and, therefore, the money spent during investigations of ground water and the vadose zone at hazardous waste sites is associated with collecting chemical data. To that end, effective decontamination of reusable drilling equipment, sampling apparatus, and tools is critical to the credibility of chemical data. Samples representative of the site under study are essential.
Several state and federal regulatory agencies have established guidelines for procedures that should be considered when developing decontamination protocols. These agencies were contacted and asked to furnish copies of their decontamination guidelines. The information received was reviewed, and comparisons were made to assess the status of standards of decontamination practices for ground water and vadose zone monitoring programs at hazardous waste sites. Summaries of a variety of decontamination protocols were prepared. From this review, it is apparent that there is a need to standardize, to the extent possible, procedures for the field decontamination of equipment.
Two ASTM Subcommittees, D18.14 on Waste Management and D18.21 on Ground Water and Vadose Zone Monitoring, are currently working on developing standards for decontamination procedures. They, in cooperation with state and federal agencies and other interested technical groups, will develop standards for the field decontamination of equipment used to study ground water and the vadose zone.     

冲绳海槽浮岩的高温高压纵波速度

对采自冲绳海槽中部海底的浮岩样品和邻近陆地樱岛火山的安山岩样品进行了温度 (常温 - 15 0 0℃ )与压力 (常压 - 2 .4 GPa)实验 ,测得在较低温度 -压力条件下 (<1GPa,<80 0℃ )浮岩样品的纵波速度小于安山岩样品的纵波速度 ,在较高温度 -压力条件下 (>1GPa,>80 0℃ )二者的纵波速度接近一致 (5 .9km /s)。 1GPa/80 0℃是浮岩样品和安山岩样品的热动力相变点 ,推测该点的深度大于 18km。     

Redshift quantization in the cosmic background rest frame

Evidence for redshift quantization is reviewed and summarlized. The cosmic background rest frame appears to be central to the effect. Periods are consistently found to be members of a set predicted by the ninth-root Lehto-Tifft rule which has implications relating to the possible nature of time, particle physics and cosmology. Galaxies can be divided into four morphological families associated with particular classes of periods. Numerous examples are given including recent work where redshifts appear to show evidence of changes between related quantized levels. This work was carried out while on sabbatical leave from Steward Observatory, University of ArizonA. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.     

Redshift periodicities, The Galaxy-Quasar Connection

The Lehto-Tifft redshift quantization model is used to predict the redshift distribution for certain classes of quasars, and for galaxies in the neighborhood of z = 0.5. In the Lehto-Tifft model the redshift is presumed to arise from time dependent decay from an origin at the Planck scale; the decay process is a form of period doubling. Looking back in time reveals earlier stages of the process where redshifts should correspond to predictable fractions of the speed of light. Quasar redshift peaks are shown to correspond to the earliest simple fractions of c as predicted by the model. The sharp peaks present in deep field galaxy redshifts surveys are then shown to correspond to later stages in such a decay process. Highly discordant redshift associations are expected to occur and shown to be present in the deep field surveys. Peaks in redshift distributions appear to represent the spectrum of possible states at various stage of the decay process rather than physical structures. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Quantum cosmology

The newest developments in the investigation of redshift quantization and variability are summarized and several approaches to cosmological models consistent with aspects of the data are discussed. The periodicities present when redshifts are referred to the Cosmic Background Radiation rest frame appear to be very precisely described by a series of period-doubling sequences based upon the ninth-root of 2 times the speed of light. Several examples of redshift quantization and variability are discussed to illustrate the periods, the CBR association and the dependence upon galaxy properties. Possible cosmological models involving properties of time, including a form of three-dimensional time and possible time networks, are introduced. Such models appear to have the potential to admit quantized and variable redshifts while remaining consistent with local continuous physical theory.     

Better models are more effectively connected models

Water‐ and sediment‐transfer models are commonly used to explain or predict patterns in the landscape at scales different from those at which observations are available. These patterns are often the result of emergent properties that occur because processes of water and sediment transfer are connected in different ways. Recent advances in geomorphology suggest that it is important to consider, at a specific spatio‐temporal scale, the structural connectivity of system properties that control processes, and the functional connectivity resulting from the way those processes operate and evolve through time. We argue that a more careful consideration of how structural and functional connectivity are represented in models should lead to more robust models that are appropriate for the scale of application and provide results that can be upscaled. This approach is necessary because, notwithstanding the significant advances in computer power in recent years, many geomorphic models are still unable to represent the landscape in sufficient detail to allow all connectivity to emerge. It is important to go beyond the simple representation of structural connectivity elements and allow the dynamics of processes to be represented, for example by using a connectivity function. This commentary aims to show how a better representation of connectivity in models can be achieved, by considering the sorts of landscape features present, and whether these features can be represented explicitly in the model spatial structure, or must be represented implicitly at the subgrid scale. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-dimensional quantized time in cosmology

Starting from a model of 3-d time in units of the Planck energy, it is possible to model fundamental particles and forces. Masses are associated with 3-d volumes of time; forces are related to 4-d space-time structures from which the fine structure constant can be derived. Fundamental particles may then be assembled into larger objects, up to galaxies, within which special relativity is satisfied. The component parts of an object retain a common quantized temporal structure which appears to link the spatially distributed parts together. The flow of time is associated with a flow of the common temporal structure within a general 3-d temporal space. Each galaxy evolves along a 1-d timeline such that within a given galaxy standard 4-d space-time physics is satisfied. The model deviates from ordinary physics by associating different galaxies with independent timelines within a general 3-d temporal space. These timelines diverge from a common origin and can have different flow rates for different classes of objects. The common origin is consistent with standard cosmology. The radius of temporal space replaces the standard radius of curvature in describing redshifts seen when photons transfer between objects on different timelines. Redshift quantization, discordant redshifts, and other observed cosmological phenomena are natural consequences of this type of model.     

Global redshift periodicities: Association with the cosmic background radiation

We investigate periodicities in redshift samples corrected for the apparent motion of the solar system relative to the cosmic background radiation. The samples used for the initial study of CBR-related periodicities are composed of data on galaxies with 21 cm profiles of intermediate width taken by Tifft and Tifft and Cocke at the 300-ft telescope at Green Bank. Referred to a coordinate system at rest with respect to the CBR, these data are found to be periodic near the 72 km s^–1 period previously associated with redshift quantization. Spectral power methods are used to evaluate the high significance levels found for the association. The significance is verified by searching for periodicities in a large volume of velocity space. The search shows that random occurrences at the specified period occur at a level consistent with the fact that the coincidence with the CBR rest frame is very improbable. It is further shown that a phase shift occurs in the periodicity near 21 cm profile widths of 250 km s^–1.Other data confirm the correspondence with the CBR rest frame and the effects of dependence on profile width; namely, 21 cm data by Fisher and Tully and data by Giovanelli and Haynes for the Perseus supercluster. The Fisher-Tully data for moderate to large profile widths confirm the presence of significant periodicities close to 72 km s^–1 both below and above profile widths near 250 km s^–1 where the phase shift occurs. The Giovanelli and Haynes data extend the analysis to galaxies with very wide 21 cm profiles and confirm the presence of a previously known period near one half of 72 km s^–1 as well as the CBR association.