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Amina Chofqi Abedelkader Younsi El Kbir Lhadi Jacky Mania Jacques Mudry Alain Veron 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2004,39(3-5):509
The El Jadida landfill is one among many uncontrolled dumping sites in Morocco with no bottom liner. About 150 tons/day of solid wastes from mixed urban and industrial origins are placed directly on the ground. At the site of this landfill, the groundwaters circulate deeply (10–15 m) in the Cenomanian rock (calcareous–marl), which is characterised by an important permeability from cracks. The soil is sand–clay characterized by a weak coefficient of retention.The phreatic water ascends to the bottom of three quarries, which are located within the landfill. These circumstances, along with the lack of a leachate collection system, worsen the risks for a potential deterioration of the aquifer.To evaluate groundwater pollution due to this urban landfill, piezometric level and geochemical analyses have been monitored since 1999 on 60 wells. The landfill leachate has been collected from the three quarries that are located within the landfill. The average results of geochemical analyses show an important polluant charge vehiculed by landfill leachate (chloride = 5680 mg l−1, chemical oxygen demand = 1000 mg l−1, iron = 23 000 μg l−1). They show also an important qualitative degradation of the groundwater, especially in the parts situated in the down gradient area and in direct proximity to the landfill. In these polluted zones, we have observed the following values: higher than 4.5 mS cm−1 in electric conductivity, 1620 and 1000 mg l−1 respectively in chlorides and sulfate (), 15–25 μg l−1 in cadmium, and 60–100 μg l−1 in chromium. These concentrations widely exceed the standard values for potable water.Several determining factors in the evolution of groundwater contamination have been highlighted, such as (1) depth of the water table, (2) permeability of soil and unsaturated zone, (3) effective infiltration, (4) humidity and (5) absence of a system for leachate drainage. So, to reduce the pollution risks of the groundwater, it is necessary to set a system of collection, drainage and treatment of landfill leachates and to emplace an impermeable surface at the site of landfill, in order to limit the infiltration of leachate. 相似文献
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The problem of arbitrary amplitude electron-acoustic solitary (EAS) waves in a plasma having cold fluid electrons, hot superthermal electrons and stationary ions is addressed. The domain of their allowable Mach numbers enlarges as the spectral index κ increases revealing therefore that the “maxwellisation” process of the hot component favors the propagation of the EAS waves. As the superthermal character of the plasma is increased, the potential pulse amplitude increases while its width is narrowed, i.e, the superthermal effects makes the electron-acoustic solitary structure more spiky. As the spectral index κ decreases, the hot electrons are locally expelled and pushed out of the region of the soliton’s localization. A decrease of the fractional number density of the hot electrons relative to that of the cold ones number density would lead to an increase of the depth as well as the width of the localized EAS wave. Our results should help to understand the salient features of large amplitude localized structures that may occur in the plasma sheet boundary layer and may provide an explanation for the strong spiky waveforms that have been observed in auroral electric fields. 相似文献
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Djamalddine Boumezerane Smain Belkacemi Bojan Zlender 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2014,32(2):547-559
A fuzzy sets decision support system is proposed for geotechnical site investigation. The system considers parameters such as geology and soil variability that affect the required number of soundings to adequately characterize a site. It permits also to consider vagueness and lack of information. On the basis of available qualitative and quantitative information, the system allows estimating, for common projects, the number of site soundings. Monte Carlo simulations of entry ranges, where each point has a uniform probability distribution, permit to arrange the output in form of histograms fitted with probability functions. The cases presented show that the fuzzy inference system can be used as a systematic decision support for engineers dealing with site characterization. 相似文献
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Mouloud Tribeche Smain Younsi Taha Houssine Zerguini 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2012,339(2):243-247
Arbitrary amplitude dust-acoustic double-layers (DA-DLs) in a plasma with suprathermal electrons, two-temperature thermal
ions, and warm drifting dust grains are investigated. Our results reveal that the spatial patterns of the DA-DLs are affected
by the degree of the electron suprathermality. The electron thermalization involves a decrease of the cold ion component density,
for the existence of localized DA-DLs. An increase of the dust drift velocity requires a decrease of κ (the electron spectral index), for the onset of dust-acoustic double-layers. An increase of the Mach number M leads to an increase of the DL amplitude as well as the corresponding electron spectral index for which the DL occurs. 相似文献
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