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排序方式: 共有586条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Maarten A. Prins Hongbo Zheng Kay Beets Simon Troelstra Patrick Bacon Ilse Kamerling Wouter Wester Martin Konert Xiangtong Huang Wang Ke Jef Vandenberghe 《第四纪科学杂志》2009,24(1):75-84
The Mangshan Plateau is located on the south bank of the Huang He (Yellow River) just west of the city of Zhengzhou, well outside the Loess Plateau in central China. Mixing models of the grain‐size data indicate that the loess deposits are mixtures of three loess components. Comparison of the mixing model with existing models established for a series of loess–palaeosol sequences from the Loess Plateau indicates that the Mangshan loess has been supplied from a proximal dust source, the Huang He floodplain, during major dust outbreaks. The high accumulation rates, the composition of the loess components, and especially the high proportions of a sandy loess component support this. Owing to the exceptionally high accumulation rates, the Mangshan grain size, magnetic susceptibility and carbonate records provide a high‐resolution archive of environmental and climate change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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David P. Bacon Nash’at N. Ahmad Thomas J. Dunn Michael C. Monteith Ananthakrishna Sarma 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(3):317-327
By definition, a crisis is a situation that requires assistance to be managed. Hence, response to a crisis involves the merging
of local and non-local emergency response personnel. In this situation, it is critical that each participant: (1) know the
roles and responsibilities of each of the other participants; (2) know the capabilities of each of the participants; and (3)
have a common basis for action. For many types of natural disasters, this entails having a common operational picture of the unfolding events, including detailed information on the weather, both current and forecasted, that may impact on either
the emergency itself or on response activities. The Consequences Assessment Tool Set (CATS) is a comprehensive package of
hazard prediction models and casualty and damage assessment tools that provides a linkage between a modeled or observed effect
and the attendant consequences for populations, infrastructure, and resources, and, hence, provides the common operational
picture for emergency response. The Operational Multiscale Environment model with Grid Adaptivity (OMEGA) is an atmospheric
simulation system that links the latest methods in computational fluid dynamics and high-resolution gridding technologies
with numerical weather prediction to provide specific weather analysis and forecast capability that can be merged into the
geographic information system framework of CATS. This paper documents the problem of emergency response as an end-to-end system
and presents the integrated CATS–OMEGA system as a prototype of such a system that has been used successfully in a number
of different situations. 相似文献
6.
Christoph Förste Roland Schmidt Richard Stubenvoll Frank Flechtner Ulrich Meyer Rolf König Hans Neumayer Richard Biancale Jean-Michel Lemoine Sean Bruinsma Sylvain Loyer Franz Barthelmes Saskia Esselborn 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(6):331-346
The recent improvements in the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) tracking data processing at GeoForschungsZentrum
Potsdam (GFZ) and Groupe de Recherche de Géodésie Spatiale (GRGS) Toulouse, the availability of newer surface gravity data
sets in the Arctic, Antarctica and North-America, and the availability of a new mean sea surface height model from altimetry
processing at GFZ gave rise to the generation of two new global gravity field models. The first, EIGEN-GL04S1, a satellite-only
model complete to degree and order 150 in terms of spherical harmonics, was derived by combination of the latest GFZ Potsdam
GRACE-only (EIGEN-GRACE04S) and GRGS Toulouse GRACE/LAGEOS (EIGEN-GL04S) mean field solutions. The second, EIGEN-GL04S1 was
combined with surface gravity data from altimetry over the oceans and gravimetry over the continents to derive a new high-resolution
global gravity field model called EIGEN-GL04C. This model is complete to degree and order 360 and thus resolves geoid and
gravity anomalies at half- wavelengths of 55 km at the equator. A degree-dependent combination method has been applied in
order to preserve the high accuracy from the GRACE satellite data in the lower frequency band of the geopotential and to form
a smooth transition to the high-frequency information coming from the surface data. Compared to pre-CHAMP global high-resolution
models, the accuracy was improved at a spatial resolution of 200 km (half-wavelength) by one order of magnitude to 3 cm in
terms of geoid heights. The accuracy of this model (i.e. the commission error) at its full spatial resolution is estimated
to be 15 cm. The model shows a reduced artificial meridional striping and an increased correlation of EIGEN-GL04C-derived
geostrophic meridional currents with World Ocean Atlas 2001 (WOA01) data. These improvements have led to select EIGEN-GL04C
for JASON-1 satellite altimeter data reprocessing.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
7.
A multi-lithology diffusive stratigraphic model is considered, which simulates at large scales in space and time the infill
of sedimentary basins governed by the interaction between tectonics displacements, eustatic variations, sediment supply, and
sediment transport laws. The model accounts for the mass conservation of each sediment lithology resulting in a mixed parabolic,
hyperbolic system of partial differential equations (PDEs) for the lithology concentrations and the sediment thickness. It
also takes into account a limit on the rock alteration velocity modeled as a unilaterality constraint. To obtain a robust,
fast, and accurate simulation, fully and semi-implicit finite volume discre tization schemes are derived for which the existence
of stable solutions is proved. Then, the set of nonlinear equations is solved using a Newton algorithm adapted to the unilaterality
constraint, and preconditioning strategies are defined for the solution of the linear system at each Newton iteration. They
are based on an algebraic approximate decoupling of the sediment thickness and the concentration variables as well as on a
proper preconditioning of each variable. These algorithms are studied and compared in terms of robustness, scalability, and
efficiency on two real basin test cases. 相似文献
8.
Roland Klees 《Surveys in Geophysics》1993,14(4-5):419-432
The Boundary Element Method (BEM), a numerical technique for solving boundary integral equations, is introduced to determine the earth's gravity field. After a short survey on its main principles, we apply this method to the fixed gravimetric boundary value problem (BVP), i.e. the determination of the earth's gravitational potential from measurements of the intensity of the gravity field in points on the earth's surface. We show how to linearize this nonlinear BVP using an implicit function theorem and how to transform the linearized BVP into a boundary integral equation using the single layer representation. A Galerkin method is used to transform the boundary integral equation using the single layer representation. A Galerkin method is used to transform the boundary integral equation into a linear system of equations. We discuss the major problems of this approach for setting up and solving the linear system. The BVP is numerically solved for a bounded part of the earth's surface using a high resolution reference gravity model, measured gravity values of high density, and a 50 50 m2 digital terrain model to describe the earth's surface. We obtain a gravity field resolution of 1 1 km2 with an accuracy of the order 10–3 to 10–4 in about 1 CPU-hour on a Siemens/Fujitsu SIMD vector pipeline machine using highly sophisticated numerical integration techniques and fast equation solvers. We conclude that BEM is a powerful numerical tool for solving boundary value problems and may be an alternative to classical geodetic techniques. 相似文献
9.
William G. Mankin M. T. Coffey K. V. Chance W. A. Traub B. Carli F. Mencaraglia S. Piccioli I. G. Nolt J. V. Radostitz R. Zander G. Roland Douglas W. Johnson Gerald M. Stokes C. B. Farmer R. K. Seals 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1990,10(2):219-236
Observations of the vertical profile of hydrogen fluoride (HF) vapor in the stratosphere and of the vertical column amounts of HF above certain altitudes were made using a variety of spectroscopic instruments in the 1982 and 1983 Balloon Intercomparison Campaigns. Both emission instruments working in the far infrared spectral region and absorption instruments using solar occultation in the 2.5m region were employed. No systematic differences were seen in results from the two spectral regions. A mean profile from 20–45 km is presented, with uncertainties ranging from 20% to 50%. Total columns measured from ground and from 12 km are consistent with the profile if the mixing ratio for HF is small in the tropophere and low stratosphere. 相似文献
10.
W. Roland Gehrels Katie Szkornik Jason R. Kirby William A. Marshall Jørn B.T. Pedersen 《Quaternary Research》2006,66(2):288-302
Cores and exposed cliff sections in salt marshes around Ho Bugt, a tidal embayment in the northernmost part of the Danish Wadden Sea, were subjected to 14C dating and litho- and biostratigraphical analyses to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes and to establish a late Holocene relative sea-level history. Four stages in the late Holocene development of Ho Bugt can be identified: (1) groundwater-table rise and growth of basal peat (from at least 2300 BC to AD 0); (2) salt-marsh formation (0 to AD 250); (3) a freshening phase (AD 250 to AD 1600?), culminating in the drying out of the marshes and producing a distinct black horizon followed by an aeolian phase with sand deposition; and (4) renewed salt-marsh deposition (AD 1600? to present). From 16 calibrated AMS radiocarbon ages on fossil plant fragments and 4 calibrated conventional radiocarbon ages on peat, we reconstructed a local relative sea-level history that shows a steady sea-level rise of 4 m since 4000 cal yr BP. Contrary to suggestions made in the literature, the relative sea-level record of Ho Bugt does not contain a late Holocene highstand. Relative sea-level changes at Ho Bugt are controlled by glacio-isostatic subsidence and can be duplicated by a glacial isostatic adjustment model in which no water is added to the world's oceans after ca. 5000 cal yr BP. 相似文献