Energetic properties of interplanetary plasma at the earth's orbit following the August 4, 1972 flare

Solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data were obtained by the PROGNOZ 1 and PROGNOZ 2 satellites during the period following the August 4, 1972 (0621 UT) solar flare. A thermalized plasma was recorded one hour after the shock followed two hours later by the plasma piston with a bulk velocity higher than 1700 km s^-1. The comparison between the PROGNOZ and PIONEER 9 solar wind data shows an attenuation of the plasma properties with the deflection from the flare's meridian.     

Formation of the plasma mantle in the Venusian magnetosphere

A model of the interaction of the solar wind with Venus is proposed including magnetic barrier formation, ionopause structure, plasma dynamics in the magnetic barrier, and the formation of the Venusian tail (wake). It is shown that under stationary conditions the ionopause is practically an equipotential boundary and its current is determined by a diamagnetic drift. The source of the plasma mantle can be provided by photoions appearing in the magnetic barrier and convecting toward the wake as a result of both magnetic pressure gradient and magnetic tension. The formation of the magnetic tail is determined by convection of magnetic barrier flux tubes in which the solar-wind plasma is replaced by ions of planetary origin. Compared to observational data the proposed model gives somewhat overestimated values of ion convective velocity and magnetic barrier thickness near the terminator and underestimated values of number density and magnetic field strength in the tail. Accordingly this suggests the possible influence of the anomalous ionization effects in the solar wind—Venus interaction.     

Investigation of hot Flow Anomaly structure observed near the Earth’s bow shock

The work is dedicated to investigation of Hot Flow Anomaly (HFA), formed at the front of Earth’s bows hock. Using Interball-Tail data we estimated orientation of the current sheet that was a cause of the anomaly. From the ion energy-time spectrogram we divided the anomaly into several regions. The motional electric fields near the HFA were estimated with 3D model of Earth’s bow shock. In accordance with previous investigations of HFA’s formation conditions these fields were directed towards the current sheet on both sides of it. We also provided the picture of HFA’s motion along the bow shock and calculated its speed. Analyzing ions’ bulk velocities within the HFA we found that the anomaly is expanding. This conclusion was supported by estimation of thermal and magnetic pressure balance. Ion energy-time spectrogram shows that anomaly is a complicated structure consisting of two parts—leading and trailing. Comparison of ion velocity distributions, magnetic field data and ion energy-time spectrogram provides better understanding of the phenomena and indicated the region that is the source of thermal and convective energy inside HFA.     

Structure of the Martian Dayside Magnetosphere: Two Types

Solar System Research - A set of scientific instruments capable of high temporal resolution measurements onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft made it possible to...     

Ibvs and the long-term monitoring of behaviour of variable stars

Roles of the Information Bulletin on Variable Stars (IBVS) in servicing some of the information needs of observers of variable stars are briefly summarized.     

Study of alpha component dynamics in the solar wind using the Prognoz satellite

The analysis of solar wind He⁺⁺ and H⁺ ion distribution functions, collected over five months by the satellite Prognoz 1, shows that these are in general maxwellian but that often tails appear at higher speeds. The existing relation V-T, the observation of ratios of T/Tp 3.83 and V/Vp 1.035 give evidence of preferential He⁺⁺ ion heating and acceleration. The criteria for heating by dissipation of hydromagnetic waves proposed by Barnes and Hung (1973) are tested experimentally. Finally, multifluid models are likely to predict certain observations such as dependence of the velocity ratio V/Vp on the solar wind flux.     

The INTERBALL-Tail ELECTRON experiment: initial results on the low-latitude boundary layer of the dawn magnetosphere

The Toulouse electron spectrometer flown on the Russian project INTERBALL-Tail performs electron measurements from 10 to 26 000 eV over a 4 solid angle in a satellite rotation period. The INTERBALL-Tail probe was launched on 3 August 1995 together with a subsatellite into a 65° inclination orbit with an apogee of about 30 R_E. The INTERBALL mission also includes a polar spacecraft launched in August 1996 for correlated studies of the outer magnetosphere and of the auroral regions. We present new observations concerning the low-latitude boundary layers (LLBL) of the magnetosphere obtained near the dawn magnetic meridian. LLBL are encountered at the interface between two plasma regimes, the magnetosheath and the dayside extension of the plasma sheet. Unexpectedly, the radial extent of the region where LLBL electrons can be sporadically detected as plasma clouds can reach up to 5 R_E inside the magnetopause. The LLBL core electrons have an average energy of the order of 100 eV and are systematically field-aligned and counterstreaming. As a trend, the temperature of the LLBL electrons increases with decreasing distance to Earth. Along the satellite orbit, the apparent time of occurrence of LLBL electrons can vary from about 5 to 20 min from one pass to another. An initial first comparison between electron-and magnetic-field measurements indicates that the LLBL clouds coincide with a strong increase in the magnetic field (by up to a factor of 2). The resulting strong magnetic field gradient can explain why the plasma-sheet electron flux in the keV range is strongly depressed in LLBL occurrence regions (up to a factor of 10). We also show that LLBL electron encounters are related to field-aligned current structures and that wide LLBL correspond to northward interplanetary magnetic field. Evidence for LLBL/plasma-sheet electron leakage into the magnetosheath during southward IMF is also presented.     

Modelling the hydrological response of mediterranean catchments,Prades, Catalonia. The use of distributed models as aids to hypothesis formulation

This paper attempts to extend the physical arguments underlying the distributed TOPMODEL concepts in an application to the strongly seasonal contributing area responses in two adjacent small mediterranean catchments in the Prades region of Catalonia, Spain. A perceptual model of hydrological response in these catchments is used to suggest possible modifications of the model in a hypothesis testing framework, including an attempt to modify the topographic index approach to reflect the expansion of the effective area of subsurface flow during the wetting-up sequence. It is found that slight improvements in modelling efficiency are possible but that different model parameter distributions are appropriate for different parts of the record. The model was much more successful for the catchment producing the higher runoff volumes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.