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Lennart Olsson 《GeoJournal》1993,31(1):23-31
This article critically reviews the international debate on desertification, its status and rate as well as causes and consequences. The article rejects the commonly used concept of a degrading environment, but tries to explain the environmental problems as symptoms of a wider economic and political crisis. An alternative approach applying systems analysis of the entire socio-economic-system to the study of desertification and land degradation is discussed, with examples from the Western Sudan. 相似文献
3.
Lennart Brgesson 《Engineering Geology》1985,21(3-4):229-237
The water uptake of 10 and 20% bentonite—sand mixtures and of 100% pure bentonite was studied experimentally. The results were compared with calculated water content distributions to study the usefulness of the diffusion equation. The relation between the swelling pressure and the degree of saturation of a bentonite was also studied. 相似文献
4.
A microflow of free ascending gas has been observed in 26 out of 30 tested boreholes at three different sites. The flow rates vary between 60 × 10−4 and 4 cm3/min m2 horizontally projected borehole area. Sampling has been made in ground boreholes as well as in holes drilled downwards from the lowest levels in two mines. The composition of the gas varies considerably. The main components of the gas are nitrogen, argon, oxygen and methane. Traces of heavier hydrocarbons are observed. At the site of the ground holes, only traces of methane are observed. In all sampled holes the existence of free oxygen is observed. The nitrogen/argon quotient is close to the atmospheric quotient in all sampled holes, indicating a partly atmospheric origin of the gas. The existence of methane and traces of heavier hydrocarbons indicates the existence of a second source. 相似文献
5.
Temperature dependence of calcite dissolution kinetics between 1 and 62°C at pH 2.7 to 8.4 in aqueous solutions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The kinetics of calcite dissolution in aqueous KCl-solutions far from equilibrium, between 1 and 62°C in the pH-range 2.7 to 8.4 have been investigated using a rotating disc apparatus. At neutral and alkaline pH in the mixed kinetic regime the empirical apparent activation energy (EAAE) for the surface chemical reaction rate constant is 54 ± 4 kJ mole?1 for Carrara marble and 46 ± 4 kJ mole?1 for Iceland spar. Under similar conditions the EAAE of the transport rate constant increases with decreasing temperature, but has a mean value of 27 ± 2 kJ mole?1. The corresponding diffusion coefficient has a mean EAAE of 37 ± 3 kJ mole?1 and this high EAAE is consistent with transport dependence on product diffusion in this H+-independent regime.In contrast, in acid solutions, where the rate approaches end-member transport control, the EAAE of the diffusion coefficient is 16 kJ mole?1, also decreasing with increasing temperature. This is compatible with H+-diffusion to the surface being rate-controlling.In inhibitor-free natural systems, calcite dissolution kinetics far from equilibrium can be described in terms of three regimes: an H+-dependent regime (pH < 4 at 25°C), a transition regime (4 < pH < 5.5 at 25°C) and an H+-independent regime (pH > 5.5 at 25°C). At lower temperatures these boundaries move to higher pH values. The presence of inhibitors in natural systems may enhance surface controlled kinetics. 相似文献
6.
The bulk strain induced by excavation of rooms for storage of highly radioactive waste is usually unimportant, but the change in aperture and shear displacement of permeable fractures may be of practical importance. Hence, the normal and shear of such discontinuities have to be considered and are commonly predicted by using special deformation moduli termed “normal” and “shear” stiffnesses in numerical calculations. For the use of some finite element methods, these have to be converted to compression and shear moduli ,which, in turn, requires that the thickness of the discontinuity is known. The normal and shear strain can be expressed in terms of soil mechanical parameters, yielding the compression modulus M and the shear modulus G, with the required form for finite element calculations. By definition they are functions of the normal and shear stiffness Kn and Ks. It is concluded that calculation of the normal and shear strain of discontinuities with clastic fillings by the use of finite element methods and deformation moduli derived from stiffness numbers is very uncertain except when the geometry of the weaknesses can be accurately defined. 相似文献
7.
Remotely sensed assessment of water quality levels in the Pearl River Estuary, China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In this paper, a method of assessing water quality from satellite data is introduced. The composite pollution index (CPI) was calculated from measured chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrient concentration. The relationships between CPI and 240 band combinations of SeaWiFS water-leaving radiance were analyzed and the optimal band combination for estimating CPI was chosen from the 240 band combinations. An algorithm for retrieval of CPI was developed using the optimal band combination, (L443 × L510)/(L412 + L490). The CPI was estimated from atmospherically corrected SeaWiFS data by employing the algorithm. Furthermore, the CPI value range for each water quality level was determined based on data obtained from 850 samples taken in the Pearl River Estuary. The remotely sensed CPIs were then transferred to water quality levels and appropriate maps were derived. The remotely sensed water quality level maps displayed a similar distribution of levels based on in situ investigation issued by the State Ocean Administration, China. This study demonstrates that remote sensing can play an important role in water quality assessment. 相似文献
8.
A method for comparative estimation of reliability in detection of gravity anomaly sources in indicated fragments of studied geological space is given. The possibility of creation of this estimation is connected with disparate ideas on different peculiarities of the structure of studied geological space and noise characteristics in observed fields. The model example and results of practical problem solution are viewed. 相似文献
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