Fluid-rock interaction in the Mo-bearing Nebelstein greisen complex,Bohemian Massif (Austria)

Summary In the Nebelstein area, molybdenite-bearing greisens occur together with peraluminous leucogranites. In the compositional change of the granites to the greisens, there is an almost complete loss of Na, combined with a decrease in Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ti concentrations. The progressive alteration is reflected by lower homogenization temperatures and increasing salinity in aqueous fluid inclusions. The fluid regime prior to greisenization was water-dominated with low salt contents, while the early stage of the greisen development was characterized by a mixed fluid containing carbon dioxide and water. This was succeeded by a moderate saline aqueous fluid which caused the mineralization by exchange of metal ions for Na⁺(Ca²⁺, K⁺). A negative correlation between salt content in fluid inclusions and Na₂O concentrations in the bulk rocks supports this model. Mass balance calculations for this interaction yield a minimum fluid-rock ratio of approximately 2 : I. Greisenization took place at a minimum pressure of 180 MPa (1.8 kb) and in a temperature range between 200 and < 400 °C.

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Fluid-Gestein-Wechselwirkung in dem Molybdänit führenden Greisenkomplex Nebelstein, Böhmische Masse (Österreich)

Zusammenfassung Die Molybdänglanz führenden Greisengesteine des Nebelsteins sind an peraluminöse Granite gebunden. Bei der Alteration der Granite ist für den Übergang Biotitgranit zu Greisen eine weitestgehende Verarmung an Na zu beobachten, gleichzeitig nehmen auch die Gehalte an Ca, Mg, Sr und Ti ab. Die fortschreitende Greisenbildung dokumentiert sich in den wäßrigen Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen durch steigende Salinität bei sinkenden Homogenisierungstemperaturen. Die fluide Phase war vor der Greisenbildung H₂O dominiert und niedrig salinar. Der Beginn der Alterationsprozesse ist durch CO₂ und H₂O hältige Fluide gekennzeichnet. Danach folgt ein Anstieg der Salinität, der auf den Austausch von Metallchloridlösungen gegen Na⁺, K^- und Ca^2- zurückgeführt wird. Dies läßt sich durch eine negative Korrelation der Salinität in den Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen mit dem Na-Gehalt der Gesteine belegen. Daraus wurde die Volumsbeziehung der den Granit durchströmenden fluiden Phase relativ zum Gestein mit mindestens 2 : 1 abgeleitet. Die Mineralisation fand bei einem Minimaldruck von 1,8 kb in einem Temperaturbereich von 200 - < 400 °C statt.

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This paper was presented at the IGCP 291 Project Symposium Metamorphic Fluids and Mineral Deposits, ETH Zürich, March21–23,1991.     

Onset voltages of atmospheric corona discharges on coniferous trees

In this article, the phenomenon of generation of corona discharges on the tops of trees and plants is described. In the first part of the text, the conditions for generation of this electric field which leads to formation of corona discharge and transfer of electric charge between atmosphere and Earth, are discussed. Experimental results of the onset voltage and its dependence on the discharge parameters are presented. The coincidence between released species from corona burning point and surrounding atmosphere is also discussed. Equation for the calculation of critical intensity of the electric field and onset voltage in dependence on radius of the tip are also discussed and compared with experimental data and equations for current–voltage characteristics are described. The attempt to explain differences between theory and measured data is proposed.     

Geology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of intrusive rocks of the Wallagga area, western Ethiopia

Crystalline rocks from the western Ethiopian Precambrian terrain comprise two major rock groups: (1) the often migmatised eastern and western high-grade gneisses; and (2) the central low-grade metavolcanosedimentary rocks. Granitoid bodies of different ages and compositions intrude these rocks. Field observations, petrographic investigations, and geochemical features support a two-fold classification of the granitoid rocks. The volcanic arc granitoids (VAG) are most common and include the Ujjukka granite and granodiorite, and the Dhagaa Booqa and Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granites. The second and geographically more restricted group represents within-plate or anorogenic (A-type) granitoids, typified by the Tullu Kapii syenite. Geochemically, the Tullu Kapii syenite is characterised by moderate to high contents of SiO₂, total alkalis, Y, Nb, Ta, Hf, Zn, Zr, Ga, ΣREE, higher ratios of Fe₂O_3(total)/MgO, , , and lower contents of CaO, MgO, Sr, and Ba, compared to the other granitoids. The VAG group shows chondrite-normalised REE patterns with slightly enriched LREE and flat HREE patterns without significant Eu anomalies. In contrast, the Tullu Kapii A-type granitoid is characterised by a nearly horizontal REE pattern with variable negative Eu anomalies. The Ujjukka granite and granodiorite; and the Dhagaa Booqa and Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granites originated in a two-step process, which involves batch equilibrium melting of basaltic or andesitic material producing tonalitic magma, followed by fractional crystallisation. The Tullu Kapii syenite was the product of partial melting of source rocks enriched in high field strength elements.     

Zur Petrologie der Hornblendegarbenschiefer der Ostalpen

Zusammenfassung Die Bildung der Hornblendegarbenschiefer in den Ostalpen, die am Beispiel verschiedener Probengebiete (Greinerserie-Zillertal, Schneebergerzug-Ötztal, Donnersbachwald-Wölzer Tauern, Radenthein-Millstätter Alpe) diskutiert wird, erfolgte bei den Vorkommen des Penninikums im Zuge der alpinen Metamorphose. Alle Garbenschiefer des mittelostalpinen Kristallins sind ein Produkt der variskischen Metamorphose und haben nur eine geringfügige alpine Überprägung erfahren. Für die Vorkommen im Schneebergerzug läßt sich zusätzlich ein früh- oder vorvariskisches Ereignis auf Grund von Reliktstrukturen nachweisen. Die Bildung der Garbenschiefer erstreckt sich vom Metamorphosebereich der obersten Grünschieferfazies bis in die Amphibolitfazies. Für die einzelnen Probengegebiete konnten diepT-Bedingungen der Metamorphose auf Grund koexistierender Mineralphasen festgelegt werden. Im Pauschalchemismus der Garbenschiefer sind neben den für die Bildung der tschermakitischen Hornblenden notwendigen Konzentrationen an Al, Ca und Mg, noch zum Teil sehr beträchtliche TiO₂-Gehalte und hohe Na₂O-Werte, bei gleichzeitig niederen K₂O-Werten, bermerkenswert. Meist variabel sind die Si- und Fe-Konzentrationen.Als Ausgangsmaterial kann man folgende Sedimente in Betracht ziehen: Si- und Al-reiche dolomitische Mergel oder tuffitische Lagen in einem tonigen, sandigen bzw. karbonatreichen Sediment.In einigen Fällen ist eine Entstehung aus dolomitischem Mergel möglich, dies trifft vor allem für die epidot- und karbonatreichen Garbenschiefer zu. Auf Grund der hohen TiO₂-Gehalte (bis über 4 Gew-% TiO₂) und des hohen Na-Überschuß, ist für die größere Anzahl der Garbenschiefer ein Tuffit als Ausgangsmaterial anzunehmen.

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Petrography and genesis of the Hornblendegarbenschiefer of the Eastern Alps

Summary The genesis of the Hornblendegarbenschiefer in the Eastern Alps is discussed as an example of the more important occurrences (Greinerserie-Zillertal, Schneebergerzug-Ötztal, Donnersbachwald-Wölzer Tauern, Radenthein-Millstätter Alpe) formed in the Penninic Area during the Alpine metamorphism. All of the Garbenschiefer in the mittelostalpines Altkristallin are a-product of the Variscian metamorphism and have experienced only a relatively insignificant Alpine influence. Relicts structures indicate an additional earlier event for the occurrences in the Schneebergerzug. The formation of the Garbenschiefer extends from the highes green schist facies to the amphibolit facies. The metamorphicpT conditions for the individual sample locations could be determined from coexisting mineral phases. The Al, Ca and Mg concentrations necessary for tschermakitic hornblende formations are present. What is particularly interesting in the chemical composition of the Garbenschiefer is the presence of high TiO₂-concentrations and of Na₂O in large amounts but coupled with low K₂O values. The most variable concentrations are those for Si and Fe.The Garbenschiefer can be formed from Si- and Al-rich dolomitic marl or tuffitic layers. The development from a dolomitic marl is possible mainly for epidote- and carbonate-rich Garbenschiefer. Because of the high TiO₂-contents (up to 4 wt.% TiO₂ and the high Na-excess, one can assume a formation from a tuffite for most Garbenschiefer.

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Mit 8 Abbildungen

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Herrn Prof. DDr.H. Wieseneder zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

A resin nodule in the Cretaceous Garschella Formation from Langer Köchel (Bavaria, S Germany): possible origin and palaeogeographic provenance

A resin nodule was found in glauconite-rich detrital sediments of the Cretaceous Garschella Formation (Aptian to Albian) outcropping at Langer Köchel (Bavaria, S Germany). Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses of the fossil resin revealed dealkylation and the total defunctionalisation of its polycyclic constituents. Besides many unspecific components a specific one, agathalene, has survived. Agathalene also presents a strongly degraded product, but may have been derived from its natural precursor agathic acid, which is a very specific constituent (biomarker) of recent and fossil kauri resin. Although agathalene is a far less specific secondary biomarker, it indicates the botanic origin of the fossil resin nodule. Besides other potential producers of agathic acid, precursors of the present-day conifer species Agathis dammara and A. australis were distributed in a wider palaeophytogeographic range than today and might have been the botanical source of kauri resin. In view of the east–west directed Early Cretaceous surface current system of the Tethys ocean, the palaeogeographic provenance of the Werdenfels resin nodule probably was a mainland positioned further to the east or southeast of the Helvetic shelf, to where it was transported probably by driftwood of the resin-producing Agathis sp.     

Modeling the IR spectrum of the dust shell around the [WC] star: V605 AQL

Nebulae around low mass Wolf-Rayet [WC] stars often show a strong midand near infrared (MN-IR) emission which cannot be explained with asingle grain size and an equilibrium temperature model. Weinvestigated the effect of the grain size, radiation density, andtemperature fluctuations of small dust grains on the spectral energydistribution (SED) in the infrared.A model of ISOCAM and IRAS measurements of V605 Aql (Kimeswenger et al., 1998) has beencomputed using a gas-dust combination model including transiently heatedparticles. Our calculations show that the central knot in V605 Aql(Abell 58) is too compact or just on the lower boundary that temperature fluctuations really have to be considered in model calculations forthe infrared SED.     

2D equivalent linear site effect simulation: example applications to two deep valleys

In the framework of the Sismovalp European project, an equivalent linear 2D code was developed to compute the response of a valley to SH waves, using the discrete wave-number method proposed by Aki and Larner (Aki K, Larner KL (1970) J Geophys Res 75:5). To overcome the frequency upper bound limitation, the Aki and Larner’s method is combined with a one-dimensional computation using a classical multi-layer method (Aki K, Richards PG (1980) Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods, vols. 1 & 2. W.H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco). The so-called “Aki–Larner extended method” is associated to an iterative algorithm, as proposed by Seed and Idriss (Seed HB, Idriss IM (1969) Report No. EERC 70–10, Earthquake Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California) which accounts for the modulus and damping degradation using a linear visco-elastic model. A comparison of the results in the linear and the equivalent linear cases, for a magnitude 6.0 earthquake, shows that the account for the equivalent linear behaviour of the soil significantly reduces the amplification level, especially at frequencies higher than the fundamental resonance frequency of the site. In the case of site effects or microzonation studies devoted to produce design spectra for engineering structures, this can have a major impact on the associated results and costs, depending on the frequency of interest for the considered structure. As a first application of the developed technique, 2D equivalent linear Aki–Larner computations are used to perform the seismic microzonation study of the upper Rhone valley, in the Visp area (Switzerland), a typical 2D alpine valley. These investigations made it possible to determine site specific spectra, associated with different zones, to be used instead of the code spectra that do not take into account the local 2D amplification.     

The biosphere: A homogeniser of Pb-isotope signals

Rock, soil, and plant (terrestrial moss, European mountain ash leaves, mountain birch leaves, bark and wood, and spruce needles and wood) samples, collected at 3 km intervals along a 120 km long transect (40 sites) cutting the city of Oslo, Norway, were analysed for their Pb concentration and Pb-isotope ratios. A general decrease in ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁸Pb ratios, with a characteristic low variability in all plant materials and the plant-derived O-horizon of soil profiles, compared to rocks and mineral soils, is observed along the transect. It is demonstrated that minerogenic and biogenic sample materials belong to two different spheres, the lithosphere and biosphere, and that geochemical processes determining their chemical and isotopic compositions differ widely. Background variation for both sample materials needs to be established and documented at the continental and global scale before the anthropogenic influence on the geochemistry of the earth’s surface can be reliably estimated.