虚拟样机技术在地质工程机械领域的应用研究

基于对国内地质工程机械的研发现状的考虑，根据虚拟样机技术的特点，讨论了在地质工程机械领域实施虚拟样机技术的必要件，并提出了建立地质工程机械虚拟样机的策略。联合PRO／E、ANSYS及ADAMS建立了气动潜孔锤的虚拟样机模型，对气动潜孔锤虚拟样机进行了仿真，阐明了虚拟样机技术在地质工程机械领域的应用前景。     

REE and (э)Nd of clay fractions in sediments from the eastern Pacific Ocean: Evidence for clay sources

Clay fractions in the non-calcareous surface sediments from the eastern Pacific were analyzed for clay minerals, REE and 143Nd/144Nd. Montmorillonite/illite ratio (M/I ratio), total REE contents ((REE), LREE/HREE ratio and cerium anomaly (бCe) may effectively indicate the genesis of clay minerals. Clay fractions with M/I ratio >1, бCe (0.85, (REE (400 μg/g, LREE/HREE ratio (4, and REE patterns similar to those of pelagic sediments are terrigenous and autogenetic mixed clay fractions and contain more autogenetic montmorillonite. Clay fractions with M/I ratio <1, бCe=0.86 to 1.5, ΣREE=200 to 350 μg/g, LREE/HREE ratio (6 and REE distribution patterns similar to that of China loess are identified as terrigenous clay fraction. The 143Nd/144Nd ratios or (э)Nd values of clay fractions inherit the features of terrigenous sources of clay minerals. Clay fractions are divided into 4 types according to (э)Nd values. Terrigenous clay minerals of type I with the (э)Nd values of -8 to -6 originate mainly from North American fluvial deposits. Those of type II with the (э)Nd values of -9 to -7 are mainly from the East Asia and North American fluvial deposits. Those of type III with (э)Nd values of -6 to -3 could come from the central and eastern Pacific volcanic islands. Those of type IV with (э)Nd values of -13 to -12 may be from East Asia eolian. The terrigenous and autogenetic mixed clay fractions show patchy distributions, indicating that there are volcanic or hot-spot activities in the eastern Pacific plate, while the terrigenous clay fractions cover a large part of the study area, proving that the terrigenous clay minerals are dominant in the eastern Pacific.     

Low-temperature alteration of oceanic island basalts and their contribution to transition metal circulation of the ocean

The major elements, rare earth elements （REE） and trace elements of four basalt samples from central and western Pacific ferro- manganese crust provinces have been analyzed using chemical methods and ICP - MS, respectively. The results indicate that the samples have been extensively altered and that the contents of their major elements have changed significantly. However, the similarity of REE partition patterns and trace element contents of basalt samples to those of fresh oceanic island basalts （OIB） indicate that the basalt samples originated as OIB. Because of low-temperature alteration, the contents of A1203 , Fe203 , MnO, K20 and P205 increased, while MgO and FeO decreased. Active components, such as magnesium and iron, were leached from OIB resulting in the relative enrichment of SiO2. The leaching of active components can cause the relative enrichment of REE, while the precipitation of LREE-rich ferromanganese oxides in vesicles and fissures not only causes an increase of REE contents, but also induces ＂fractionation＂ of LREE and HREE. Based on the enrichment mechanism of REE contents, the theoretical quantities of precipitated ferromanganese oxides and the depleted quantities of active components are calculated ： the depleted quantities of active components for the unit mass of fresh basalts vary in the range of 0.15 ～ 0. 657, and the precipitated quantities of ferromanganese oxides for the unit mass of fresh basahs vary in the range of 0. 006 ～ 0. 042. Of the major elements, the two most depleted are iron, and magnesium, with 18.28% ～ 70.95% of iron and 44.50% ～ 93.94% of magnesium in the fresh basalts was leached out. Theoretical calculation and geochemistry results both indicate that low-temperature alteration of basalts can supply abundant amount of metals to seawater, and may play an important role in ocean metal circulation.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区中二叠统腕足类动物群的特征和时代

额济纳旗及其邻区中二叠统产丰富的腕足动物群,该动物群具有北方冷水动物和特提斯暖水动物混生的特点,划分为Spiriferella-Kochiproductus-Yakovlevia 组合,称为“哲斯动物群”。在生物古地理分区上,该区为北方生物大区和特提斯生物大区之间的过渡带,称为中蒙生物省。动物群的组成、丰度和分异度等特征在银-额（银根-额济纳旗）盆地的东西部有明显的差异：盆地西部北山地区海水较浅,腕足动物群丰度高,分异度略低,以个体较大、壳体较厚的冷水分子占优势,共生少量的双壳类和珊瑚;东部杭乌拉地区海水略深,腕足动物群丰度稍低,分异度较高,含有大量的小个体腕足,共生冷水型珊瑚和丰富的海百合类,世界广布分子和暖水分子超过一半。说明该腕足动物群在受纬度和温度控制的同时,也受水体深度的影响,在同一海盆的不同环境中表现出不同的特点。通过对该动物群的起源、区域分布特点和共生生物的分析,认为额济纳旗及其邻区的哲斯动物群的时限为罗甸期—孤峰期。     

Effects of hedgerows on sediment erosion in Three Gorges Dam Area, China

The Three Gorges Dam Area refers to the river section from Chongqing to Yichang on the Yangtze River, which has a drainage area of 75,098 km^2, and involves 19 cities and counties. Contour hedgerows have been used in this area to control soil erosion and to improve hillslope stability in the catchment of this river section. Five experimental hedgerow plots were established in 1994 in order to study the effects of hedgerows on erosion control. During the period of 1994-1997, runoff and soil loss data were collected on these test plots, including the chemical and physical properties of soil and related topographical data. The results indicate that： （1） after 4 years of cultivation and crop planting, soil fertility increased dramatically in the hedgerow plots. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus contents in the hedgerow plots were 5-9 times higher than that in the control plot. In each of the hedgerow plots, soil structure became more stable, the quantity of granules larger than 0.02 mm increased and those finer than 0.02 mm decreased; （2） All hedgerow plots showed a major effect on reducing soil loss and surface runoff; （3） Overland flow velocity along the upper portion of the hedgerow plots was greatly reduced due to hedgerow resistance, which explains the significant decrease in soil losses in hedgerow plots, despite the fact that the hedgerow plots and the control plots had the same total runoff.     

三江平原不同流域水土流失变化特征分析

运用地理信息系统(GIS)结合美国通用水土流失方程(USLE),根据研究区现状合理选择USLE中水土流失各因子的计算方法,求算出三江平原1954年、1976年、1986年以及2000年的水土流失状况图。通过与2000年遥感普查结果进行对比,验证了方法的有效性。分别对三江平原六个流域水土流失变化情况进行分析,认为土地利用方式对水土流失有重要影响,农田开发是造成水土流失面积增加、强度增强的主要原因。土地垦荒活动强度降低以及部分旱地改种水田后,水土流失面积增加的幅度明显下降。     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖对大黄鱼幼鱼血清免疫指标的影响

本实验采用2×3双因子实验设计,分别在基础饲料中添加0(对照)、0.5×107和1.0×107/g枯草芽孢杆菌,在每个枯草芽孢杆菌添加水平分别添加0(对照)、0.3％和0.6％的壳寡糖,配制出9种等氮等能的实验饲料,在海水浮式网箱中进行为期70 d的实验,探讨饲料中枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖的添加对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)血清免疫指标的影响.实验结果表明,在每个枯草芽孢杆菌水平下,饲料中添加0.3％和0.6％的壳寡糖显著提高了大黄鱼幼鱼血清溶菌酶的活性(P＜0.05),而对大黄鱼血清替代途径补体活力,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力及过氧化氧酶( CAT)活力没有显著性影响.在每个壳寡糖水平,饲料中枯草芽孢杆菌的添加对大黄鱼血清免疫指标的影响不显著.饲料中枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖对大黄鱼幼鱼血清免疫指标的影响不存在交互作用.总的来说,饲料中添加一定量的壳寡糖(0.3％～0.6％)在一定程度上影响了大黄鱼幼鱼的非特异性免疫反应.     

河北省1∶50 000沙流河幅第四系钻孔数据库

河北省1∶50 000沙流河幅是京津冀平原地区地质调查的重点图幅之一,晚新生代地层是图幅的主要调查对象,第四系钻孔数据库是地质调查核心成果的体现。本次工作利用钻孔施工和测试成果数据,结合收集的钻孔资料,建立了第四系钻孔数据库,主要包括1个钻孔基本信息图层、5个钻孔编录数据库、5个钻孔设计数据库及5张钻孔柱状图。本文从数据来源、数据处理方法、数据属性结构及数据质量控制等方面进行了归纳总结,以呈现基于数字地质调查系统的第四系钻孔数据库成果和建库实例。本数据库为唐山地区城市三维地质模型的建立提供了基础数据,服务于京津冀协同发展,同时也为平原区地质调查中钻孔数据的处理及建库提供了参考。     

城市土地利用综合效益评价:城际比较

应用系统分析和层次分析法,建立了深圳市土地利用效益评价指标体系,评价了深圳和广州的土地利用效益.结果表明,从1996～2003年,深圳市土地的社会效益、经济效益、生态环境效益和综合效益都呈现增加的趋势,其中经济效益增长最快;与广州市相比,深圳市土地利用的单项效益和综合效益都较高,特别是经济效益和综合效益;但与香港或其它国外发达城市相比,其土地利用效益仍较低,还有较大的提升空间;深圳市各区域之间土地效益差异较大,宝安和龙岗两区的土地利用效益较低,是效益深圳建设的主要突破口.建议:深圳市在社会经济高速发展的同     

Phase Chemistry Study of the Zabuye Salt Lake Brine: Isothermal Evaporation at 15°C and 25°C

Zabuye Salt Lake in Tibet, China is a carbonate-type salt lake, which has some unique characteristics that make it different from other types of salt lakes. The lake is at the latter period in its evolution and contains liquid and solid resources. Its brine is rich in Li, B, K and other useful minor elements that are of great economic value. We studied the concentration behavior of these elements and the crystallization paths of salts during isothermal evaporation of brine at 15°C and 25°C. The crystallization sequence of the primary salts from the brine at 25°C is halite (NaCl) → aphthitalite (3K2SO4·Na2SO4) → zabuyelite (Li2CO3)→ trona (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) → thermonatrite (Na2CO3·H2O) → sylvite (KCl), while the sequence is halite (NaCl) → sylvite (KCl) → trona (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) → zabuyelite (Li2CO3) → thermonatrite (Na2CO3·H2O) → aphthitalite (3K2SO4·Na2SO4) at 15°C. They are in accordance with the metastable phase diagram of the Na+, K+-Cl?, CO32?, SO42?-H2O quinary system at 25°C, except for Na2CO3·7H2O which is replaced by trona and thermonatrite. In the 25°C experiment, zabuyelite (Li2CO3) was precipitated in the early stage because Li2CO3 is supersaturated in the brine at 25°C, in contrast with that at 15°C, it precipitated in the later stage. Potash was precipitated in the middle and late stages in both experiments, while boron was concentrated in the early and middle stages and precipitated in the late stage.