Mesoscale observational analysis of lifting mechanism of a warm-sector convective system producing the maximal daily precipitation in China mainland during pre-summer rainy season of 2015

A long-lived, quasi-stationary mesoscale convective system (MCS) producing extreme rainfall (maximum of 542 mm) over the eastern coastal area of Guangdong Province on 20 May 2015 is analyzed by using high-resolution surface observations, sounding data, and radar measurements. New convective cells are continuously initiated along a mesoscale boundary at the surface, leading to formation and maintenance of the quasi-linear-shaped MCS from about 2000 BT 19 to 1200 BT 20 May. The boundary is originally formed between a cold dome generated by previous convection and southwesterly flow from the ocean carrying higher equivalent potential temperature (θ _e) air. The boundary is subsequently maintained and reinforced by the contrast between the MCS-generated cold outflow and the oceanic higher-θ _e air. The cold outflow is weak (wind speed ≤ 5 m s ^?1), which is attributable to the characteristic environmental conditions, i.e., high humidity in the lower troposphere and weak horizontal winds in the middle and lower troposphere. The low speed of the cold outflow is comparable to that of the near surface southerly flow from the ocean, resulting in very slow southward movement of the boundary. The boundary features temperature contrasts of 2–3°C and is roughly 500-m deep. Despite its shallowness, the boundary appears to exert a profound influence on continuous convection initiation because of the very low level of free convection and small convection inhibition of the near surface oceanic air, building several parallel rainbands (of about 50-km length) that move slowly eastward along the MCS and produce about 80% of the total rainfall. Another MCS moves into the area from the northwest and merges with the local MCS at about 1200 BT. The cold outflow subsequently strengthens and the boundary moves more rapidly toward the southeast, leading to end of the event in 3 h.     

一次西南涡暴雨的湿位涡诊断分析

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2013年5月25~26日发生在我国中东部大范围的暴雨过程进行了湿位涡诊断分析,结果表明:(1)暴雨发生时低层湿位涡明显增加,湿位涡正压项自底层至高层呈现出“负-正”的分布特征,湿斜压项负值中心的演变反应出斜压性在强降水发生时所起的重要作用;(2)本次暴雨过程分两个阶段,第一阶段主要是因为强垂直风切变作用,使得降水具有强对流特征;第二阶段则是由于斜压性作用,降水分布广、持续时间长;(3)干冷空气沿着等熵面向下入侵到低层负位涡之上会导致对流不稳定度进一步加大,垂直运动发展使得低层水汽抬升,凝结潜热释放有利于中低层低涡的维持和发展。      

超强台风“利奇马”登陆前后多模式降水预报评估对比分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心全球模式(ECMWF)、美国全球预报系统(GFS)、中国气象局全球区域一体化同化预报系统—全球数值预报系统(GRAPES_GFS)、上海区域中尺度数值预报业务系统(SMSWARMS)、以及浙江省中尺度数值预报业务系统(ZJWARMS)和浙江省快速更新同化预报系统(ZJWARRS)降水预报资料,开展了各模式对超强台风"利奇马"登陆前后浙江省强降水的预报性能检验评估。结果表明:(1)过程降水预报方面,ECMWF对降水落区预报表现最佳,但对降水极值中心强度的预报技巧较低; 3个区域模式各有优势,其中ZJWARRS和ZJWARMS对登陆点附近及浙西北强降水落区、强度的预报均与实况一致,SMSWARMS对几个强降水落区的预报也表现较好,但雨强偏弱。(2)对逐日降水预报技巧上,登陆前全球模式ECMWF、GFS评分较高,而临近登陆及登陆后区域模式表现较好;其中SMSWARMS、ZJWARRS和ZJWARMS在预报时效12 h内的大暴雨及特大暴雨的预报上有较大优势,尤其ZJWARRS对0～3 h大暴雨的预报技巧表现最为突出。(3)对强降水致灾地区(永嘉、临海、临安)的短时降水预报方面,ZJWARMS无论在落区还是强度预报方面均表现较好,ZJWARRS与之接近,对多个降水中心的预报方面可互为补充;SMSWARMS对降水中心的预报往往存在位置偏差且雨强显著偏弱;全球模式对致灾强降水的短临预报参考价值较低。(4)各模式对850 hPa水汽通量及辐合区的预报差异较大是导致"利奇马"预报降水差异显著的重要原因。对于浙江省级区域来说,ZJWARRS及ZJWARMS在强降水落区及强度的短临预报方面有显著优势。     

中国大陆地区小时极端降水阈值的计算与分析

文章概述了近10 a来关于中国极端小时降水的研究成果,为及时了解和掌握该领域研究进展、开展相关科学研究和进行强降水预报服务提供有价值的科学依据和参考。现有的研究表明：（1）极端小时降水的阈值通常采用百分位和拟合经验函数得到,阈值强度分布在中国的区域差异大,最强阈值位于华南沿海、海南岛、台湾岛和华北平原,次大值位于四川盆地和长江中下游地区。（2）根据中国极端小时降水发生的天气背景特征,主要分为四大类型：热带气旋型、锋面型、低涡或切变线型、弱天气尺度强迫型。每种类型极端小时降水的空间分布、季节变化和日变化特征各不相同。（3）定义“极端小时降水事件”为：站点连续观测到降水大于等于0.1 mm·h^-1的一段时间,其中最多只有1 h的降水间断,且至少发生一次极端小时降水。中国极端小时降水事件维持时间在东南沿海、长江中下游一带较长（超过12 h）,而在中国北方则普遍较短（不到6 h）。极端小时降水事件具有不对称性,即从降水开始到出现雨量峰值较为迅速,而从出现峰值至降水结束则变化较为缓慢,该特征在西部地形复杂地区更为明显。（4）过去50多年,中国极端小时降水的变化趋势呈现正负相间的空间分布特征。观测分析表明,上海和珠三角城市地区极端小时降水在城市化迅速发展的近30 a间具有区别于周围地区的显著增长趋势,而观测和模拟均表明北京城市强热岛效应有利于增强小时降水。