Experimental Study on Acoustoelastic Character of Rock Under Uniaxial Compression

This paper made a research about the change rule of elastic wave velocity with stress applied on rock from theoretical and experimental aspect. Firstly, a mathematical model of P-wave velocity and confining pressure of rock was set up from the point of acoustoelastic character. Effect of axial stress on P-wave velocity in granite and sandstone during uniaxial compression process was studied experimentally by using GAW-2000 rock mechanical testing system and RSM-SY5 ultrasonic wave testing system, and the relation curves of axial stress with P-wave velocity were obtained. Based on test data, acoustoelastic theoretical formulas of granite and sandstone were established and the best empirical formulas were fitted by using regression method. Meanwhile, a comparative analysis of the empirical and theoretical calculated values was carried out. Finally, the reliability of applying acoustoelastic theoretical formula in hard rock range was further verified based on the experimental data of granitic gneiss. The results show that the P-wave velocity experiences a rapid increase, gentle increase and then a sharp fall during the uniaxial compression process. The B-value in acoustoelastic theoretical formula (proportion coefficient determined by elastic modulus and third-order elastic constant) decreases exponentially with axial stress. The acoustoelastic theoretical formula can effectively reflect the relationship between rock acoustic velocity and stress within the allowable error, which can be the theoretical foundation of acoustoelastic geo-stress measurement of subsurface rock mass.     

Some Fundamental Issues in Dynamic Compression and Tension Tests of Rocks Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

Accurate characterizations of rock strengths under higher loading rates are crucial in many rock engineering applications. The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system has been used to quantify the dynamic compressive strength of rocks using the short cylindrical specimen and the dynamic tensile strength of rocks using the Brazilian disc (BD) specimen. However, SHPB is a standard tool that is suitable for metal testing; there are some fundamental issues that need to be carefully visited in applying SHPB to rock dynamic tests. This paper addresses several such critical issues, including the choice of slenderness ratio of the compressive specimen, the effect of friction between the sample and bars on the measured results of compressive strength, the necessity of dynamic force balance on the dynamic BD test, and the validity of using the standard BD equation in the data reduction. We show that with proper experimental designs that address these issues, the dynamic compressive strength and dynamic tensile strength of rocks measured using SHPB are valid and reliable.     

塔河油田二区奥陶系优势储集体特征及控制因素

塔河油田二区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏储集体类型由缝洞型、高能微孔隙型、压溶孔缝型组成。通过岩心薄片观察并结合地震、测井、录井和试油等资料,查明了受次生溶蚀作用控制的岩溶缝洞型、受高能沉积相带控制的微孔隙型和受压溶作用及白云化作用控制的压溶孔缝型储层的特征和分布,并且识别出溶蚀孔洞、溶蚀缝、构造缝、粒内孔、粒间孔、铸模孔、晶间孔、晶内孔、缝合线和微裂缝10种储集空间。实际上,上述储集体主要为高能沉积相带形成的颗粒灰岩演化而成,这些颗粒灰岩经过埋藏压实和胶结等作用形成了以次生微孔隙为主的微孔隙型储集体,经过压溶和白云岩化作用形成了受成岩演化控制的压溶孔缝型储集体,在塔北奥陶系岩溶期形成了岩溶缝洞型储集体。塔河油田二区南部受沉积相展布和成岩作用影响,颗粒灰岩和云斑状灰岩发育;北部古隆起风化剥蚀作用较强,发育大型溶洞储层;东部斜坡带古河流发育,溶蚀缝洞储层多沿古河道分布;西部受深大断裂控制,溶蚀孔洞沿断裂垂向发育。     

Study on Breakdown Pressure in Hydraulic Fracturing Process of Hard Rock Based on Numerical Simulation

Pre-conditioning by hydraulic fracturing is a vital work in block caving mining of hard-rock metal mine, and breakdown pressure is one of the important parameters in rock hydraulic fracturing process, which determines the equipment selection and job-parameter control. Based on numerical simulation method, a pre-holed cylindrical hard rock sample was built for simulation of hydraulic fracturing process to investigate the effect of stress condition, rock properties and water injection rate on breakdown pressure. The results show that the breakdown pressure is increased with the confining stress, and the breakdown pressure is 2.28 times confining stress based on rock tension strength. The variation of rock tension strength affects the breakdown pressure and a positive linear relation exists. Pre-formed notch could obviously reduce the breakdown pressure and control the orientation of hydraulic fracture. And the borehole diameter has a reverse influence on rock breakdown pressure.

     

The Constitutive Relationship of Micro-damage for Rock-like Brittle Material

The nonlinearty of rock deformation results mainly from closing, opening, and propagation of microcracks or microviods inside rock. Taking the influence of microdefects into account, a new constitutive relationship of damage is developed, and applied to different models of rock with different porosities. The theoretical curves consist with the experimental ones.     

海洋环境参数监测传感器的稳定性评价研究

海洋环境参数监测传感器的性能是海洋环境监测参数数据质量的保障。文章以常用的海水温度、电导率、浊度和叶绿素传感器为评估对象,利用同一台仪器连续多年的校准数据实现传感器的稳定性评价。当漂移系数在1附近时,表明传感器性能稳定,当漂移系数大于或小于1时,表明传感器测量值发生漂移;由历年校准数据计算的漂移系数可实现各传感器校准周期内数据的修正,修正前各传感器的测量误差大且呈单向增量变化,修正后的误差降至传感器最大允许误差且呈正态分布。利用历史计量数据建立的传感器性能评价模型可为用户提供长期的传感器稳定性评价,有利于提升海洋环境监测传感器的性能和数据的准确性,拓展计量数据的服务能力。     

基于产业链空间网络的京津冀城市群功能协同分析

京津冀协同发展虽已取得显著成效,但缓解区域差异的挑战依然十分严峻。本文基于城市间投入产出表,构建京津冀产业链空间网络,考察京津冀协同发展战略提出前城市间功能协同存在的问题,据此探讨京津冀协同发展政策设计对改善城市间功能协同的有效性。研究发现,京津冀协同发展战略提出前,京津冀城市群存在着有分工、缺协同的问题,主要表现为：① 交通运输设备制造业和机械设备制造业产业链中游部门相对薄弱;② 北京生产性服务业的辐射强度和辐射范围不足;③ 产业链空间网络不均衡,空间融合程度低。产业链空间网络分析表明,《京津冀协同发展规划纲要》针对京津冀城市间功能协同的存在问题提出了解决方向与对策,但在补强产业链中游的加工制造环节、增强首都圈增长极作用和强化石家庄南部支点作用等方面,应加以完善。     

中国各省区碳足迹与碳排放空间转移

减排责任的区域分解需要科学评价各地区的排放责任。碳足迹可以全面客观地评价为满足消费而进行的生产的生命周期碳排放水平, 除了生产过程的直接碳排放, 也包括生产过程中所消耗的中间产品的隐含碳排放。应用2007 年各省区投入产出模型和2002 年中国省区间投入产出模型, 定量测算了各省区的碳足迹和省区间的碳排放转移。结果显示, 各省区之间碳足迹和人均碳足迹存在显著的差异。碳足迹较大的省份为经济大省, 主要分布在北方地区;人均碳足迹较高的省份主要是北京、上海等中心城市和能源富集区域及重化工基地;中国存在着从能源富集区域和重化工基地分布区域向经济发达区域和产业结构不完整的欠发达区域的碳排放空间转移。上述结果表明, 人均碳足迹高的经济发达省份应承担较大的减排责任, 能源富集区域和重化工基地分布区域有相当一部分的碳排放是为沿海发达省份和产业结构不完整的欠发达省份提供电力、原材料等高碳产品所致, 减排责任的区域分解需要考虑碳排放空间转移的因素, 适当减轻能源富集区域和重化工基地分布区域的减排责任, 或使沿海发达省份向能源富集区域和重化工区域提供资金和技术上的扶持, 帮助这些区域提高能源利用效率, 减少碳排放。     

考虑温度效应的岩石损伤内时本构关系

本文根据岩石类材料受载时的损伤破坏机理,首次引入两个损伤变量 D_1和 D_0用以反映外载荷体量和偏量的作用,在内时理论的基础上建立起考虑温度效应的岩石损伤本构方程,并导出具有明确物理意义的本构方程增量型关系式。在不同温度下用大理岩试样进行了压缩实验和声发射实验。根据实验所得结果,确定了本构方程中材料的所有参数,得到了大理岩材料受温度影响其性质发生变化的一些有意义的结论。     

母岩类型对土壤和沉积物镉背景的控制: 以贵州为例

镉是土壤和沉积物中最受关注的重金属污染物之一,合理确定其自然背景对于环境管理具有重要意义。然而,由于不同基岩中该元素含量差异很大,且在风化成壤过程中元素也可能发生富集或贫化,造成该元素具有很大的空间变异,甚至可以超出筛选值和管制值。本文从基岩-土壤地球化学元素迁移规律出发,以基岩类型较复杂、镉空间变异较大的贵州省为例,基于土壤和沉积物调查数据,建立基岩与土壤或沉积物中镉含量的对应关系,筛选合理的岩性类型端员和背景区域划分方法,为环境管理确定基础背景。研究结果显示,岩性类型是造成土壤镉空间变异的重要因素,石灰岩(排除白云岩)、玄武岩、辉绿岩和碳质页岩等是造成土壤高镉背景的重要岩石类型。相对母岩类型,岩石所在地层时代对土壤镉背景的影响不太明显。本文通过大量数据统计,给出了相对较纯的岩性发育土壤的镉背景值和变异区间,不纯岩性或地质单元发育土壤的镉背景值可能受多个岩性端员的影响。