土壤的冷生构造及其对阿拉斯加土地利用的意义

Cryogenic structure (patterns made by ice inclusions) in seasonally frozen and permafrost-af-fected soils result from ice formation during freezing. Analysis of cryogenic structures in soils is essential to our understanding of the cryogenic processes in soils and to formulating land use management interpretations. When soils freeze, the freezing front moves downward and attracts water moving upward resulting in mainly horizontal lenticular ice formation. Platy and lenticular soil structures form between ice lenses in upper active layer. The reticular soil structure usually forms above the permafrost table caused by freeze-back of the permafrost. The upward freeze-back resulted in platy soil structure and the volume changes following the annual freeze-thaw cycle resulted in vertical cracks. The combined result is an ice-net formation with mineral soils embedded in the ice net. The upper permafrost layer that used to be a part of the active layer has an ice content exceeding 50% due to repeated freeze-thaw cycles over time. The mineral soils appear in blocks embedded in an ice matrix. The permafrost layer that never experienced the freeze-thaw cycle often consists of alternate layers of thin ice lens and frozen soils with extreme hard consistence and has relatively lower ice content than the ice-rich layer of the upper permafrost. Ice contents and thaw settling potentials associated with each cryogenic structure should be considered in engineering and land use interpretations.     

Reconstruction of the harmonic component of the magnetic field modulus anomalies

An algorithm is proposed for calculating a harmonic function equal to the projection of the anomalous magnetic field vector onto the normal field direction from in situ measurements of the anomalous magnetic field modulus (the scalar magnetic anomaly) ΔT, which is a nonharmonic function and is nonlinearly related to the magnetization of anomaly sources. It is shown that the inferred estimates tend to the desired harmonic function if the iterative algorithm converges. The convergence conditions and stability of the process are studied numerically in a wide range of amplitudes of the anomalous field. The results of the modeling simulation demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in solving magnetic field interpretation problems often encountered in practice.     

辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年方法的改进与应用

公认的Re-Os同位素定年代表物辉钼矿,目前已在金属硫化物矿床年代学研究领域获得了广泛的应用。本研究采用浓HNO₃分解辉钼矿样品,大大地简化了Re和Os的化学制备过程,并根据辉钼矿中正常Os含量水平相对放射成因¹⁸⁷Os可以忽略的特点,以正常Os标准为稀释剂,实现了仪器测量过程中Os同位素质量分馏的在线校正,改善了分析数据的质量。该方法经辉钼矿国家标准物质进行验证,获得了满意的Re、Os含量及Re-Os年龄数据,并且在南岭地区与连阳复式岩体相关的姓坪夕卡岩型钼矿床成矿年龄研究中获得了成功应用。在实际应用中,为了获得有意义的能反映真实地质事件的年龄数据,辉钼矿样品不仅要有足够的取样量,而且还要保证粒度细、混合均匀。     

安徽铜陵凤凰山夕卡岩型铜矿床中辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

铜陵矿集区是我国长江中下游Cu-Au-Fe-Mo成矿带中最重要的有色金属基地之一,凤凰山矿床是铜陵矿集区的重要组成部分,为一个典型的夕卡岩型铜矿床。本文利用Re-Os同位素定年方法对凤凰山铜矿床进行了成矿时代测定,获得了辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素模式年龄范围为139.1±2.4～142.0±2.2Ma,等时线年龄为141.1±1.4Ma,与矿区内石英二长闪长岩和花岗闪长岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄(144.2±2.3Ma)相吻合,也与铜陵地区其他矿田的成矿时代基本一致,可能为岩石圈减薄事件的成矿响应。     

西准噶尔包古图地区地层火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究

包古图地区位于西准噶尔东南部,区内出露地层主要为石炭系太勒古拉组、包古图组和希贝库拉斯组,为一套巨厚的半深海相-大陆坡相火山-火山碎屑沉积建造。这套地层的时代归属和地层层序长期以来一直存在争议。本文报导了包古图地区实测地层剖面,并从太勒古拉组玄武岩和包古图组及希贝库拉斯组凝灰岩中分别选出锆石,进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,获得²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄分别为357.5±5.4Ma、332.1±3.0Ma和336.3±2.5Ma。由此确定这套地层属于早石炭世的杜内阶到维宪阶,由下到上依次为太勒古拉组、包古图组和希贝库拉斯组。     

Structure of the inhomogeneities of the fields of temperature,wind, and humidity in the tropical tropopause layer and lower stratosphere over West Africa (Burkina Faso, 2006)

Data are presented on some structure parameters of mesoscale turbulence mechanisms playing a significant role in the troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropical tropopause layer and in the lower stratosphere. The data are obtained in the framework of the international aircraft AMMA experiment in Burkina Faso (West Africa) in August 2006.     

Comparative petrology and metamorphic evolution of the Limpopo (South Africa) and Lapland (Fennoscandia) high-grade terrains

Summary ?Detailed studies of rocks from the Limpopo (South Africa) and Lapland (Kola-Fennoscandia) high-grade terrains were carried out in order to reveal similar geological and thermodynamic conditions in their formation. Both complexes (1) are situated between Archean greenstone belts, (2) are younger than the belts, (3) are bounded by crustal-scale shear zones, (4) have a similar intrusive-like (harpolith) geometry, and (5) show similar reaction textures that reflect both breakdown and growth of garnet in each high-grade terrain. Local mineral equilibria within the textures indicate their successive formation with cooling of the granulite facies rocks. Some of the textures in the metapelites must have resulted from the following reverse reactions: Grt + Qtz ⇌Opx + Crd and/or Grt + Sil + Qtz ⇌ Crd. Based on these data, both the decompression cooling P-T path and the near-isobaric cooling P-T path were deduced for each HGT. However the near-isobaric cooling P-T path is not a characteristic of the central zones of both complexes studied. Similar structural framework of the high-grade terrains, similar morphologies (shapes of granulitic bodies), similar reaction textures developed in metapelites, and similar shapes of P-T paths suggest similarity in geodynamic history of both complexes.

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Zusammenfassung ?Vergleichende Petrologie und metamorphe Entwicklung der hochgradig metamorphen Terrains von Limpopo (Südafrika) und Lappland (Fennoscandia) Eingehende Untersuchungen an Gesteinen aus den hochgradig metamorphen Terrains von Limpopo (Südafrika) und Lappland (Kola-Fennoscania) sollen m?gliche ?hnlichkeiten in den geologischen und thermodynamischen Bildungsbedingungen aufzeigen. Beide Komplexe sind Lokale Mineralgleichgewichte innerhalb der Texturen weisen auf ihre schrittweise Bildung w?hrend der Abkühlung der granulitfaziellen Gesteine hin. Einige der Texturen in den Metapeliten gehen auf folgende reversible Reaktionen zurück: Grt + Qtz ⇌Opx + Crd und/oder Grt + Sil + Qtz ⇌ Crd. Diese Daten erm?glichten es, sowohl den P-T Pfad der Abkühlung bei Druckentlastung sowie den fast-isobaren P-T Pfad der Abkühlung für jedes HGT zu ermitteln. Der fast-isobare P-T Pfad der Abkühlung ist jedoch kein Charakteristikum der Zentralzonen beider Komplexe. Ein ?hnlicher struktureller Rahmen der hochgradigen Terrains, ?hnliche Morphologien (Ausbildung der Granulitk?rper), ?hnliche Reaktionstexturen in Metapeliten und ?hnliche P-T Pfade weisen auf ?hnlichkeiten der geodynamischen Entwicklungsgeschichte beider Komplexe hin.

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Received March 8, 1999; revised version accepted September 17, 1999     

再论花岗岩按照Sr-Yb的分类:标志

2006年作者曾经按照Sr=400×10~(-6)和Yb=2×10~(-6)作为标志将花岗岩分为埃达克岩、喜马拉雅型花岗岩、浙闽型花岗岩和广西型花岗岩,在浙闽型中又分出南岭型(Sr100×10~(-6)和Yb2×10~(-6)),于是花岗岩被分为5类。Sr=400×10~(-6)和Yb=2×10~(-6)是根据阿留申群岛中的Adak岛的资料得出来的。本文统计了全球花岗岩6000多个数据(其中,埃达克型花岗岩为2810个,喜马拉雅型花岗岩636个,浙闽型花岗岩1183个,南岭型花岗岩1518个,广西型花岗岩142个,总共6289个),统计的结果,各类花岗岩的地球化学特征大致如下:(1)埃达克型花岗岩富Al_2O_3和Sr,贫Y和Yb,具较高和变化的铕异常,绝大多数样品的Sr300×10~(-6),Yb2.5×10~(-6)(当Sr=400×10~(-6)～600×10~(-6)时Yb值最大,Sr超过600×10~(-6),Yb降低至2×10~(-6)),Al_2O_3在14%～18%之间,Eu/Eu~*大多在0.6～1.2范围;(2)喜马拉雅型花岗岩贫Sr和Yb,具中等的Al_2O_3和变化的Eu/Eu~*,Sr300×10~(-6)和Yb2×10~(-6)(少数Sr300×10~(-6)),Al_2O_3为13%～17%,Eu/Eu~*为0.2～1.0;(3)浙闽型花岗岩贫Sr富Yb,Sr在40×10~(-6)～400×10~(-6)之间,Yb1.5×10~(-6),Al_2O_3和Eu/Eu~*的变化类似喜马拉雅型花岗岩,Al_2O_3为12%～17%,Eu/Eu~*为0.4～1.0;(4)南岭型花岗岩以很低的Sr、Al_2O_3和Eu/Eu~*以及很高的Yb而不同于上述各类花岗岩,通常Yb1.5×10~(-6),Sr100×10~(-6)(Yb变化大,绝大多数2×10~(-6);当Yb在2×10~(-6)～8×10~(-6)时,部分样品Sr可100×10~(-6),但很少200×10~(-6));Al_2O_314%,集中在11%～13%之间,Eu/Eu~*0.7,大多0.4;Yb越大,Sr越低,负铕异常越明显。文中讨论了花岗岩Sr-Yb分类的意义,指出本分类适用于产于大陆和海洋的绝大多数中酸性岩浆岩(可能不适用于一部分特别富铁和钾的花岗岩,如具有高Sr和Yb特征的广西型花岗岩)。不同类型的花岗岩主要反映了源区压力的不同,而源区成分、温度、部分熔融程度、水和挥发分的加入以及岩浆混合等的影响可能是次要的。文中指出,该分类的依据、其实质,是熔体与残留相平衡的理论。与浙闽型花岗岩平衡的残留相是斜长石,与喜马拉雅型花岗岩平衡的是斜长石+石榴石,与埃达克型花岗岩平衡的是石榴石,与南岭型花岗岩平衡的是富钙的斜长石。文中指出,加强实验岩石学研究,将年代学和地球化学研究密切结合起来是深化花岗岩研究的关键。     

北大巴山志留系滔河口组碱质斑状玄武岩的岩浆源区及形成环境——来自全岩和辉石斑晶地球化学的约束

北大巴山志留系滔河口组火山-沉积地层发育有粗粒玄武岩、细粒玄武岩、杏仁构造玄武岩和枕状玄武岩四种斑状玄武岩相。它们都属于碱性玄武岩,并具有相似的地球化学特征,富Ti、贫Si,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE,如Th、Rb、Ba)和LREE,轻重稀土分异明显。稀土和微量元素标准化配分型式具有与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)类似的特征。斑晶主要属于单斜辉石族中的次透辉石-透辉石,具有与全岩相似的微量和稀土元素配分形态,表明四种玄武岩相由同一岩浆源区形成。由单斜辉石-熔体平衡温压计计算获得的初始岩浆深度大于67.65km,表明岩浆源区来自地幔。岩浆在上升过程中在39.93～67.65km、14.52～20.46km、4.62～9.24km三个深度范围发生了储积结晶,最后喷出到地表分别形成粗粒玄武岩、细粒和枕状玄武岩、杏仁构造玄武岩。粗粒玄武岩中富含金云母表明岩浆源区遭受了富不相容元素流体的交代作用。玄武岩全岩、单斜辉石地球化学特征以及火山-沉积序列共同表明,滔河口组碱性玄武岩形成于大洋板内环境。     

Studying the mesoscale structure of inhomogeneities within the high-latitude stratosphere during the evolution of the circumpolar vortex on the basis of aircraft measurements

Mesoscale inhomogeneities in the fields of wind, temperature, and ozone concentrations have been studied on the basis of aircraft measurements performed within the international EUPLEX and RECONCILE projects in the northern polar region in the presence of the circumpolar vortex. Data have been obtained on the structure of turbulence inside and outside the circumpolar vortex. The zones of enhanced turbulence have been studied. The spectrum of coherence between ozone and wind velocity are found to have high values.