Numerical simulations of deformation and movement of blocks within North China in response to 1976 Tangshan earthquake

Using methods of discontinuous deformation analysis and finite element (DDA+FEM), this paper simulates dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake of 1976, which occurred in the northern North China where its internal blocks apparently interacted. Studies focus upon both the movement and deformation of the blocks, in particular, the Ordos block, and variations of stress states on the boundary faults. The Tangshan earthquake was composed of three events: slipping motions of NNE-striking major fault, NE-striking fault near the northeastern end of the NNE-striking fault, and NW-striking fault on the southeastern side of the NNE-striking fault. Compared with previous studies, our model yields a result that is more agreeable with the configuration of aftershock distributions. A number of data are presented, such as the principle stress field during the earthquake, contours of the maximum shear stress, the strike-slip deformation between blocks near the earthquake focus, time-dependent variations of slips of earthquake-triggered faulting, the maximum slip distance, and stress drops. These results are in accord with the earthquake source mechanism, basic parameters from earthquake wave study, macro-isoseismic line, observed horizontal displacement vectors, etc. The Tangshan earthquake exerted different influences on the adjacent blocks and boundary faults between them, thus resulting in differential movement and deformation. The Ordos block seems to have experienced the small-scale counterclockwise rotation and deformation, but its northeast part, bounded on the east by the Taihangshan and on the north by the Yanshan and Yinshan belts, underwent relatively stronger deformation. The Tangshan earthquake also changed the stress state of boundary faults of the North China, leading to an increase in shear stress and a decrease in normal stress in the NW-trending Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault through Tangshan City and the northern border faults of the Ordos block, and therefore raises the potential risk of earthquake occurrence. This result is supported by the facts that a series of Ms ≥ 6 earthquakes took place at the northern margin of the Ordos block after the Tangshan earthquake.     

Automatic Extraction of Power Lines From Aerial Images

There has been little investigation for the automatic extraction of power lines from aerial images due to the low resolution of aerial images in the past decades. With increasing aerial photogrammetric technology and sensor technology, it is possible for photogrammetrists to monitor the status of power lines. This letter analyzes the property of imaged power lines and presents an algorithm to automatically extract the power line from aerial images acquired by an aerial digital camera onboard a helicopter. This algorithm first uses a Radon transform to extract line segments of the power line, then uses the grouping method to link each segment, and finally applies the Kalman filter technology to connect the segments into an entire line. We compared our algorithm with the line mask detector method and the ratio line detector, and evaluated their performances. The experimental results demonstrated that our algorithm can successfully extract the power lines from aerial images regardless of background complexity. This presented method has successfully been applied in China National 863 project for power line surveillance, 3-D reconstruction, and modeling.     

2.0GPa-室温至1160℃条件下安山岩纵波速度与相变

利用ＹＪ－３０００ｔ压力机的弹性波速度测量装置在２．０ＧＰａ室温到１１６０℃条件下就位测量了湖北大冶陈贵安山岩纵波速度,并在相应条件下获取了实验产物,对其观察表明,对应着岩石弹性波速度的变化。实验样品已经发生了相变。     

高温高压实验弹性波速研究及其地球动力学意义

本文在收集，整理国内外有关高温高压实验岩石，矿物弹性波速研究资料的基础上，对高温高压实验弹性波速研究的目的，内容进行了概述，并对国内外这一领域研究的历史，现状及有关实验技术方法进行了综述，其中重点介绍了我国在高温高压岩石波速研究方面的进展及所取得的成就，并对高温高压弹性波速研究的地球动力学意义进行了讨论。     

基于计算机模拟模型LESS的落叶松林木质元素影响分析

目前大部分植被辐射传输模型在模拟太阳辐射与植被之间的相互作用过程时,将植物结构进行了简化,只保留了叶片的结构和空间分布特征,而忽略了木质元素(枝干等)对冠层反射特性的影响.计算机模拟模型LESS能够充分考虑植被的多种组分光谱和结构特征,精确模拟植被冠层内部的光散射和辐射过程.本文以地面实测数据为基础,发展了以单木为基本...     

WD+MS systems as the progenitor of SNe Ia

The single-degenerate (SD) channel for the progenitors of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is one of the most popular channels, in which a carbon–oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) accretes hydrogen-rich material from its companion, increases its mass to the Chandrasekhar mass limit, and then explodes as a SN Ia. We show the initial and final parameter space for SNe Ia in a ( $\log P^{\mathrm{i}},M_{2}^{\mathrm{i}}$ ) plane and find that the positions of some famous recurrent novae, as well as a supersoft X-ray source (SSS), RX J0513.9-6951, are well explained by our model. The model can also explain the space velocity and mass of Tycho G, which is now suggested to be the companion star of Tycho’s supernova. Our study indicates that the SSS, V Sge, might be the potential progenitor of supernovae like SN 2002ic if the delayed dynamical-instability model due to Han and Podsiadlowski (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368:1095, 2006) is appropriate. Following the work of Meng et al. (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395:2103, 2009a), we found that the SD model (WD+MS) with an optically thick wind can explain the birth rate of supernovae like SN 2006X and reproduce the distribution of the color excess of SNe Ia. The model also predicts that at least 75% of all SNe Ia may show a polarization signal in their spectra.     

鄱阳湖外围湖泊水体营养波动周年特征的比较湖沼学研究

近年来,我国最大淡水湖泊湿地鄱阳湖的水体富营养化趋势明显且日益受到各方关注,而对鄱阳湖湖体外围各类浅水湖泊富营养化情况及其动态却了解颇少.为深入了解鄱阳湖外围不同湖泊的富营养化现状、季节动态及驱动机制,于2014-2015年对毗邻鄱阳湖南岸的南昌市大小不同的3个城市或城郊浅水湖泊(青山湖、瑶湖、军山湖)水质参数和营养状态进行周年观测.结果表明,青山湖、瑶湖和军山湖的高锰酸盐指数范围分别在2.6~4.5、2.1~4.6和1.6~1.9mg/L之间,仅军山湖目前未受到有机物污染影响,3个湖泊两两之间均呈极显著差异.青山湖和瑶湖水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度远高于湖泊富营养化转换的阈值(TN:0.20 mg/L,TP:0.02 mg/L),且TP污染最为严重,仅达到地表水Ⅳ~劣Ⅴ类标准.在3个湖泊中,水体氮主要以可溶性态氮的形态占优势,水体磷形态除了军山湖外,另外2个湖泊主要以颗粒态磷占优势.青山湖、瑶湖和军山湖的叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度范围分别为34.65~184.48、7.66~120.67和2.42~17.41μg/L,各湖泊的Chl.a浓度均在冬季达到最低值,且军山湖与其他2个湖泊的Chl.a浓度均呈极显著性差异,青山湖与瑶湖无显著差异.基于综合营养状态指数法对3个湖泊的营养状态进行评价发现,青山湖富营养化程度最高,已达到轻-中度富营养的稳定富营养状态;其次为瑶湖,营养状态不稳定,在中营养-轻度富营养-中度富营养水平之间巨幅波动;军山湖相对最低,全年整体处于贫营养-中营养状态之间,处于波动上升的趋中营养状态.同时发现3个湖泊的水体富营养化程度的年内波动依赖于不同的水温环境,水温是以上3个亚热带浅水湖泊富营养化程度年内季度波动的重要影响因子之一.Pearson相关分析还发现,3个湖泊的Chl.a浓度均与水柱TN和TP浓度呈显著正相关,其中青山湖和军山湖的水柱Chl.a浓度与总溶解性氮和总溶解性磷浓度均呈极显著正相关关系.整体来说,水柱氮是影响3个湖泊水环境特征的主导因子之一,磷是2个富营养化湖泊的主导影响因子,在富营养化湖泊控制和削减磷营养盐输入的同时,应考虑如何有效降低氮的输入,并着力控制中温季节(水温为15~25℃)的营养输入和快速富营养化风险防控;中营养湖泊(军山湖)应在控制磷的输入和消减水柱氮上进行系统调控,尤其重视高温季节(水温25℃)的防控与预警,这将对鄱阳湖外围浅水湖泊的水环境保护和治理提供重点方向与新型管理思路.     

对东日本大地震序列潜热通量异常现象的讨论

用美国国家环境预报中心的表面潜热通量数据,对2011年东日本大地震序列前后所出现的潜热通量异常展开讨论,结合主震震中周边区域在1991~2011年的中强地震序列数据,分析了潜热通量异常与地震之间的关系。结果表明:(1)东日本大地震前的潜热通量剧烈变化不一定是异常,且不一定由此次地震活动引起;(2)该研究区域内20年间出现过多次有疑似"热异常"却无明显震例与之相对应的情况;(3)该研究区域内20年间有超过60%的中强地震震前并无"热异常"出现;(4)在研究潜热通量变化是否属于异常时,应尽量多地考虑各个方面的影响因素,科学合理地设定判断参数;(5)在研究潜热通量异常与地震的关系时,应对特定区域作长时间序列分析,而不是单纯针对短期内的个别震例进行判别。     

玄武岩-榴辉岩相变初期的石榴子石生长

在 2 .0 GPa,86 0～ 10 2 0℃ ,加温时间 0 .6 6～ 13.0 7h的条件下 ,粗面玄武岩 -榴辉岩相变初期的石榴子石生长为正常晶体生长。石榴子石粒径随时间而增大 ,其生长速率随粒径增大而减小。界面是控制玄武岩 -榴辉岩相变初期石榴子石生长的主要因素。这一变质作用过程中石榴子石粒径与时间及温度的关系如下 :G2 .4 5=5.6 5× 10 -15t· exp(- 2 7.4 0× 10 3 / RT)式中 G为石榴子石平均粒径 ,t为时间 ,R为气体常数 ,T为绝对温度。这一关系式有助于了解变质作用过程中石榴子石生长动力学     

机载三维信息获取地面扫描轨迹分析

该文根据机载三维信息获取中常用的扫描光学系统结构,导出了地面扫描采样点轨迹与光学系统结构参数之间的关系,获得了地面采样点坐标的定量表示,给出了实现特定扫描轨迹的地面测量时光学系统结构参数的选择方法和计算结果。