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1.
We report on SWS and LWS observations of the circumstellar disks of young stars of a few solar masses. The ISO spectra of
these objects present a diversity of emission features of carbon-rich and oxygen-rich grains. The similarity of the forsterite
spectra observed for Comet Hale-Bopp and the Haebe star HD100546 is particularly striking and provides a new argument that
huge comet swarms are formed in the disks surrounding young stars. While the data suggest that the formation of crystalline
silicates in the dust disks essentially occurs when a Haebe star has already reached the main sequence, no clear correlation
with stellar age only is apparent.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
3.
A.G.G.M. Tielens L.B.F.M. Waters F.J. Molster K. Justtanont 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1997,255(1-2):415-426
This paper reviews spectra obtained with the SWS on board of ISO of dust shells around O-rich objects. These spectra reveal
the presence of many new emission features between 10 and 45 μm. These bands are generally much narrower than the well-known
10 and 20 μm silicates features. The strength of these features relative to the underlying broad continuum varies from source
to source (≅ 5-50%). The 10 μm region shows evidence for the presence of Al2O3 grains. At longer wavelength, the spectra are
dominated by features due to crystalline olivine and pyroxene. The exact peak position of these features shows that the emitting
grains consist of the Mg-rich end-members of these minerals with an Fe-content of < 10%. The underlying continuum is attributed
to amorphous silicate grains.
These observations of aluminum-rich and magnesium-rich compounds compare well with the thermodynamic condensation sequence
of minerals expected for O-rich outflows. The observations also imply that freeze out (ie., kinetics) of this condensation
sequence at different temperatures is an important characteristic of dust formation in these objects. It is suggested that
the absence of Fe-rich silicates is a natural consequence of the low temperature at which gaseous Fe reacts with Mg-rich silicates
in these outflows, resulting in amorphous grains with little characterizing spectral detail.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
T. J. B. Holland E. V. S. S. K. Babu D. J. Waters 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,124(3-4):383-394
Thermodynamic modelling of (1) osumilite solid solutions and (2) dehydration melting in pelitic compositions within the KFMASH
system is quite successful in reproducing the invariant and univariant reactions determined in experimental studies. Even
though rather preliminary, such melt thermodynamic models may be very useful in interpolating and extrapolating the limited
information available from a small number of experimental runs. These methods allow the compositions of all phases to be monitored
as a function of pressure, temperature and equilibrium phase assemblage for any desired bulk composition. Locating the higher
variance phase fields (e.g. quadrivariant, quinivariant) is often difficult or impossible by inspection, but is made relatively
easy using thermodynamic software such as thermocalc. In the KFMASH system the calculated partition of Fe and Mg between osumilite,
garnet, cordierite, orthopyroxene and biotite are shown to be in good agreement with experimental and natural data and allow
reliable calculation of mineral compositions coexisting with quartz-saturated and H2O-undersaturated melts for a variety of bulk compositions. These phase diagram calculations allow quite tight limits to be
placed on the pressure, temperature and water activity conditions which accompanied metamorphism of natural osumilite occurrences
in Nain, Namaqualand, and Rogaland. At fixed bulk composition, the initial melting of pelites by dehydration of biotite can
occur via univariant, divariant or trivariant equilibria depending upon pressure of metamorphism. Of particular interest is
that, for low pressures or more magnesian bulk compositions, fluid-absent melting begins by generating liquid from the high-variance
assemblage biotite+cordierite+K-feldspar+ quartz. This type of modelling allows investigation, at least qualitatively, of
the fine scale details of melt production as a function of changes in pressure, temperature and bulk composition.
Received: 29 November 1995 / Accepted: 22 April 1996 相似文献
5.
Employment mobility in high-technology agglomerations: the cases of Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper examines labour market behaviour of the highly skilled in high-tech local economies, taking the UK examples of Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire as case studies. It reports on data from a survey of members of three scientific institutes to compare rates of employee mobility in the two locations and considers the likely explanations and implications of those patterns. 相似文献
6.
Jan Zalasiewicz Colin Waters Mark Williams David C. Aldridge Ian P. Wilkinson 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2018,129(3):482-491
The Anthropocene deposits of England, here regarded as those formed after ~1950 CE, are now extensive, take various forms, and may be characterized and recognized by a number of stratigraphic signals, such as artificial radionuclides, pesticide residues, microplastics, enhanced fly ash levels, concrete fragments and a novel variety of ‘technofossils’ and neobiotic species. They include the uppermost parts of both ‘natural’ deposits such as the sediment layers formed in lakes and estuaries, and more directly human-made or human-influenced ones such as landfill deposits and the ‘artificial ground’ beneath urban areas and around major constructions. ‘Negative deposits’ include the worked areas of quarries and regions such as the English Fenland, where thick peat deposits have ablated to leave a strongly modified underlying landscape, and extend beneath into the subterranean realm as mine workings, metro systems and boreholes. The production of these is still rapidly increasing and evolving in character, while the early signs of global change, such as warming, sea level rise, and modifications to biotic assemblages, are beginning to further modify the emerging geology of this new phase of Earth history. 相似文献
7.
8.
R. M. Palin M. P. Searle D. J. Waters R. R. Parrish N. M. W. Roberts M. S. A. Horstwood M.‐W. Yeh S.‐L. Chung T. T. Anh 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2013,31(4):359-387
The Red River shear zone (RRSZ) is a major left‐lateral strike‐slip shear zone, containing a ductilely deformed metamorphic core bounded by brittle strike‐slip and normal faults, which stretches for >1000 km from Tibet through Yunnan and North Vietnam to the South China Sea. The RRSZ exposes four high‐grade metamorphic core complexes along its length. Various lithologies from the southernmost core complex, the Day Nui Con Voi (DNCV), North Vietnam, provide new constraints on the tectonic and metamorphic evolution of this region prior to and following the initial India–Asia collision. Analysis of a weakly deformed anatectic paragneiss using P–T pseudosections constructed in the MnO–Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O (MnNCKFMASHTO) system provides prograde, peak and retrograde metamorphic conditions, and in situ U–Th–Pb geochronology of metamorphic monazite yields texturally controlled age constraints. Tertiary metamorphism and deformation, overprinting earlier Triassic metamorphism associated with the Indosinian orogeny and possible Cretaceous metamorphism, are characterized by peak metamorphic conditions of ~805 °C and ~8.5 kbar between c. 38 and 34 Ma. Exhumation occurred along a steep retrograde P–T path with final melt crystallizing at the solidus at ≥~5.5 kbar at ~790 °C. Further exhumation at ~640–700 °C and ~4–5 kbar at c. 31 Ma occurred at subsolidus conditions. U–Pb geochronological analysis of monazite from a strongly deformed pre‐kinematic granite dyke from the flank of the DNCV provides further evidence for exhumation at this time. Magmatic grains suggest initial emplacement at 66.0 ± 1.0 Ma prior to the India–Asia collision, whereas grains with metamorphic characteristics indicate later growth at 30.6 ± 0.4 Ma. Monazite grains from a cross‐cutting post‐kinematic dyke within the core of the DNCV antiform provide a minimum age constraint of 25.2 ± 1.4 Ma for the termination of fabric development. A separate and significant episode of monazite growth at c. 83–69 Ma is suggested to be the result of fluid‐assisted recrystallization following the emplacement of magmatic units. 相似文献
9.
Kornerupine in Mg-Al-rich gneisses from Namaqualand,South Africa: mineralogy and evidence for late-metamorphic fluid activity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Three kornerupine occurrences are reported in distinctive SiO2-poor, MgO- and Al2O3-rich paragneisses from the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex in South Africa. Kornerupine coexists stably with phlogopite, cordierite, orthopyroxene, gedrite, sapphirine, sillimanite and plagioclase and, in sapphirine-free rocks, with spinel and corundum. Tourmaline of a texturally older generation than kornerupine is commonly present in the same samples.Ten analysed kornerupines show a variation in total Fe as FeO from 1.8 to 10.9 weight per cent. B2O3 contents are estimated from x-ray data and a few spectrochemical analyses to range from 0.9 to 3.5 weight per cent. There is a strong inverse correlation between B3+ and Al3+. Total iron content has a strong and systematic effect on refractive index, colour and dispersion. Fe and Mg are systematically partitioned with the other minerals, and Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios increase as follows: spinel 相似文献
10.
Fluid inclusion gas studies,carrock fell tungsten deposit,england: implications for regional exploration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A fluid inclusion investigation of the Carrock Fell tungsten deposit, Northern England, confirms that the quartz-wolframite-scheelite veins associated with the Caledonian Skiddaw Granite are almost exclusively related to an exocontact hydrothermal system developed at the margin of a local cupola. Fluid circulation, as defined by the spatial variation in temperature and H2O/CO2 ratios for inclusions in vein quartz, reveals a strong structural control. The zone of maximum flow, which extends 0–400 m out from the granite contact, is characterised by high H2O/CO2 ratios and corresponds closely with the known distribution of high-grade oreshoots. Based on the fluid inclusion gas signature for the Carrock Fell deposit, a distinction can be made between potentially tungstaniferous quartz veins and those related to Cu-Pb-Zn deposits in the absence of diagnostic ore minerals. Also, a regional survey of quartz veins in the Lake District suggests that at several localities the fluids have a close affinity with those at Carrock Fell. This is interpreted as the high-level, distal expression of tungsten mineralisation at depth. Evidence for similar mineralisation elsewhere in the British Caledonides favours those granites in the paratectonic zones of Ireland and southern Scotland. 相似文献