Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.     

应力驱动的大陆碰撞作用：综合齿状构造作用和地幔俯冲构造作用

利用一种模式可能综合两种端员模式种类。这两种端员模式已经用于解释大陆碰撞期间地壳变形作用的模型，这种模式包括了来自侧翼的锯齿模式以及来自于下伏的俯冲层段的底部力作用。     

低熔融度地幔熔浆

介绍了低熔融度地幔熔浆的研究现状和意义，特别讨论了Ｂａｋｅｒ等最新的实验结果，并与实测数据进行了比较分析，认为Ｂａｋｅｒ等的实验是研究低融度熔浆一人上实质性进展，但许多方面尚有待探索。     

太古宙和元古宙时期的地壳演化—从地壳地震学获得的证据

通过分析整个世界太古宇和元古宇地区的地震波速模型，发现太古宇地区的厚度为３５ｋｍ左右（碰撞带边缘除外），而元古宇地壳的厚度则显然要大得多，大致为４５ｋｍ，并且在其基底有一较厚的高速层（＞７ｋｍ／ｓ）．我们认为有两种模式可以解释这些差异。第一种模型把这种差异归因于上地幔成分的改变。太古宇地幔中的温度较高，因而导致了科马提熔岩的喷发，结果使得岩石圈过分贫化而不能产生大量的玄武质熔体。元古宇地是在富地幔