渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲50 a来农业开发及所引发的生态问题探析

从渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲50a来农业开发与生态建设的过程看，人工绿洲耕作农业的生产力水平有较显著的提高，人工绿洲生态也得到了改善。主要表现是单位面积生产力水平提高，农田防护林体系初步建立，水利工程建设得到加强，生活能源的短缺得到改进。但从流域的绿洲农业经济发展与生态环境建设仍存在一些不协调的问题。主要是农田施肥重化肥轻有机肥，土壤肥力不高；灌区中游重灌轻排，灌排不协调，盐渍化面积有所扩大；流域下游由于缺水和人为等因素使天然绿洲的稳定性受到威胁，天然林的绿色屏障作用大为削弱等。对此必须引起足够重视，逐步加以协调，才能实现绿洲农业经济的可持续发展。     

Efficient time truncation in two-dimensional bem analysis of transient wave propagation problems

An efficient time truncation algorithm for transient two-dimensional wave propagation analysis by the boundary element method is proposed. First the complete (without any truncation) formulation is reviewed and subsequently time truncation concepts are discussed. Three applications are presented, where the efficiency of complete and truncated algorithms is compared. The most important conclusions inferred from the numerical analyses are: (i) time truncation errors can be controlled and made as small as required and (ii) time truncation algorithms lead to considerable savings in both CPU time and storage area.     

塔里木河流域绿洲耕地变化及其河流水文效应

根据塔里木河流域各地州的绿洲耕地数据和各主要水文站的实测数据,分析了建国以来流域耕地面积的总体变化趋势、变化速度、区域差异及其河流水文效应.结果表明:(1)近60年来塔里木河流域的耕地面积呈现波动增加的态势,年均增长率为2.37%,但人均耕地面积却经历了从增加到减少的变化过程,年均减少率为0.44%;耕地空间变化的区域差异明显,土地后备资源相对丰富的巴州耕地相对变化率最大,而和田地区耕地相对变化率最小.(2)绿洲灌溉耕地面积扩大引起的河流流程、径流量,洪水、水质、泥沙等水文效应较显著,尤其是对径流量的影响极为突出.目前,流域综合治理节水项目已初见成效,各源流向塔里木河干流下泄水量减少趋势得到初步遏制.为此保障流域的可持续协调发展,必须长期坚持流域的综合治理,建立流域水资源的统一管理体制,确保流域水资源的合理配置和利用.     

渭干河流域水资源及其水文特征分析

渭干河是新疆11大河之一，是渭干河一库车河三角洲绿洲的塑造者，该绿洲的生存和发展与渭干河水资源的变化趋势有密切关系。本文根据渭干河流域各水文站历年水文统计资料及近几年来实际水文调查，通过流域概况、气温、蒸发、降水、冰川、补给、年内和年际变化、泥沙、冰倩、水质、地下水资源等方面的分析和论述渭干河多年来的水资源及水文特征变化规律，试图查清渭干河流域水资源量的收支情况。     

Rayleigh wave separation using high-resolution time-frequency polarization filter

Obtaining geological information from seismic data motivates researchers to innovate and improve seismic wave processing tools. Polarization-based methods have received much attention regarding their ability to discriminate between different phases of the seismic wave based on polarity. Combining the intuitive definition of polarity in the frequency domain (monochromatic waves) with the non-stationary properties provided by time-domain methods, time-frequency approaches are attracting widespread interest because they localize the information extracted from the seismic waves in the joint time and frequency domains. Due to the lack of high-resolution time-frequency maps, the time-frequency polarization approach was not able to resolve specific temporal polarity changes in the seismic signal. The main objective of this study was to devise a robust time-frequency-based polarization filtering method using high-resolution polarization attributes obtained directly from the sparse time-frequency map without using Eigen analysis or analytic signals. The method proposed here utilizes a computationally effective sparsity-based adaptive S-transform to obtain a high-resolution polarization map of an inherently non-stationary seismogram for the entire frequency content of the signal at different times. The superiority of the proposed method over the S-transform method was verified using synthetic and real data sets to calculate the polarization attributes in the time-frequency domain and separate the Rayleigh waves from the seismogram.     

Theory of equivalent staggered‐grid schemes: application to rotated and standard grids in anisotropic media

The previous finite‐difference numerical schemes designed for direct application to second‐order elastic wave equations in terms of displacement components are strongly dependent on Poisson's ratio. This fact makes theses schemes useless for modelling in offshore regions or even in onshore regions where there is a high Poisson's ratio material. As is well known, the use of staggered‐grid formulations solves this drawback. The most common staggered‐grid algorithms apply central‐difference operators to the first‐order velocity–stress wave equations. They have been one of the most successfully applied numerical algorithms for seismic modelling, although these schemes require more computational memory than those mentioned based on second‐order wave equations. The goal of the present paper is to develop a general theory that enables one to formulate equivalent staggered‐grid schemes for direct application to hyperbolic second‐order wave equations. All the theory necessary to formulate these schemes is presented in detail, including issues regarding source application, providing a general method to construct staggered‐grid formulations to a wide range of cases. Afterwards, the equivalent staggered‐grid theory is applied to anisotropic elastic wave equations in terms of only velocity components (or similar displacements) for two important cases: general anisotropic media and vertical transverse isotropy media using, respectively, the rotated and the standard staggered‐grid configurations. For sake of simplicity, we present the schemes in terms of velocities in the second‐ and fourth‐order spatial approximations, with second‐order approximation in time for 2D media. However, the theory developed is general and can be applied to any set of second‐order equations (in terms of only displacement, velocity, or even stress components), using any staggered‐grid configuration with any spatial approximation order in 2D or 3D cases. Some of these equivalent staggered‐grid schemes require less computer memory than the corresponding standard staggered‐grid formulation, although the programming is more evolved. As will be shown in theory and practice, with numerical examples, the equivalent staggered‐grid schemes produce results equivalent to corresponding standard staggered‐grid schemes with computational advantages. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the equivalent staggered‐grid theory is general and can be applied to other modelling contexts, e.g., in electrodynamical and poroelastic wave propagation problems in a systematic and simple way.     

南疆近60年来风灾天气及灾度时空变化特征

利用新疆南疆各地州1949～2008年间发生的大风天气所造成的死亡人口、受灾农田面积、经济损失和死亡牲畜资料,评估南疆风灾的灾度及其时空变化特征进行深入分析。分析得出:(1)阿克苏、喀什和巴州重大风灾天气发生次数多,强度大,是风灾防范和灾后救助的重点地区;和田和克州重大风灾天气发生次数少,强度弱,是风灾防范和灾后救助的次重点地区;在4～5月份重大风灾天气发生次数多,持续时间长,而且4～5月份是作物播种和出苗期,大风容易成灾,为此4～5月份是风灾防范和灾后救助的重点季节。(2)重大风灾天气发生次数由20世纪50年代至90年代逐年增长,自21世纪开始略有减少;重大风灾天气在巴州发生次数最多,在60a间为84次,其次喀什75次,阿克苏67次,和田和克州较少。(3)风灾经济损失随着工农业生产总值的增长而增加,而且增长速度比经济增长速度快,建议增加防治风灾投入,改善生态环境,加快退耕还林还草进程,建立减灾系统,加强风灾防治。     

近40年来渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲气候变化特征分析

利用库车、沙雅、新和气象站1961～2000年日照、气温、降水和蒸发观测资料,分析渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲近40年来日照、气温、降水和蒸发量年际变化、季节变化及特征.结果显示:近40年来年均日照总体呈减少趋势,减少倾向率为31.64 h/10a,减少幅度从大到小依次为冬、夏、秋和春季;近40年来年均气温总体呈增加趋势,增长倾向率约0.17℃/10a,年内冬、秋两季呈上升趋势,春、夏两季呈下降趋势;近40年来年降水量总体呈增长趋势,增长倾向率约10.16 mm/10a,年内除秋季外,夏、春、冬季降水均呈增长趋势;近40年来年蒸发量总体呈减少趋势,减少倾向率约149 mm/10a,年内蒸发量减少幅度从大到小依次为夏、春、秋和冬季.     

Determination of Te,As, Bi,Sb and Se (TABS) in Geological Reference Materials and GeoPT Proficiency Test Materials by Hydride Generation‐Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (HG‐AFS)

The study of Te, As, Bi, Sb and Se (TABS) has increased over the past years due to their use in the development of low‐carbon energy technologies. However, there is a scarcity of mass fraction values of TABS in geological reference materials. This underlines the difficulty in undertaking routine determinations of these elements. The mass fractions of TABS were determined in geological reference materials using hydride generation‐atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG‐AFS), calibrated with standard solutions. Comparisons with literature values were used to validate the method. Samples from the GeoPT proficiency test were also analysed. For most elements, there are no assigned or even provisional values for many of the GeoPT and reference materials because of the wide range of results reported. For mass fractions above the quantification limit of the method, our results are in good agreement with the median of GeoPT results. Thus, we propose GeoPT median values as informational values for these elements. In contrast, at mass fractions < 0.5 µg g^?1 median values of Se from GeoPT are systematically higher than our results. Our Se results are in agreement with the reference materials down to 0.02 µg g^?1, which suggest that many of the results for Se reported in GeoPT testing are too high.