梯级水库运行期设计洪水理论和方法

人类活动和气候变化显著地改变了河川径流及洪水的时空分配过程，直接影响下游断面的设计洪水。本文综述水库对下游水文情势的影响，提出梯级水库运行期设计洪水理论方法和研究内容；重点探讨非一致性洪水频率分析和基于Copula函数的最可能地区洪水组成法，比较各种方法的实用性；推荐采用运行期设计洪水及汛控水位指导水库调度运行，建议进一步加强水库运行期设计洪水计算理论和方法研究。     

Projection of droughts and their socioeconomic exposures based on terrestrial water storage anomaly over China

Science China Earth Sciences - Global warming has altered the thermodynamic and dynamic environments of the climate system, thus affecting the energy budget and water cycle process of the...     

High effectiveness of GRACE data in daily-scale flood modeling: case study in the Xijiang River Basin,China

Natural Hazards - The U.S. 2020 hurricane season was extraordinary because of a record number of named storms coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study draws lessons on how individual...     

Quantifying differences between reservoir inflows and dam site floods using frequency and risk analysis methods

Reservoirs are the most important constructions for water resources management and flood control. Great concern has been paid to the effects of reservoir on downstream area and the differences between inflows and dam site floods due to the changes of upstream flow generation and concentration conditions after reservoir’s impoundment. These differences result in inconsistency between inflow quantiles and the reservoir design criteria derived by dam site flood series, which can be a potential risk and must be quantificationally evaluated. In this study, flood frequency analysis (FFA) and flood control risk analysis (FCRA) methods are used with the long reservoir inflow series derived from a multiple inputs and single output model and a copula-based inflow estimation model. The results of FFA and FCRA are compared and the influences on reservoir flood management are also discussed. The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China is selected as a case study. Results show that the differences between the TGR inflow and dam site floods are significant which result in changes on its flood control risk rates. The mean values of TGR’s annual maximum inflow peak discharge and 3 days flood volume have increased 5.58 and 3.85% than the dam site ones, while declined by 1.82 and 1.72% for the annual maximum 7 and 15 days flood volumes. The flood control risk rates of middle and small flood events are increased while extreme flood events are declined. It is shown that the TGR can satisfy the flood control task under current hydrologic regime and the results can offer references for better management of the TGR.     

海岸建筑退缩线的综合划定体系 ——以秦皇岛沿岸为例

海岸建筑退缩线是科学有效保护和管理海岸线的重要措施之一。为促进我国海岸线资源的可持续开发利用,文章兼顾海岸线的自然和社会等属性,采用德尔菲法、层次分析法和聚类分析法相结合的方法,构建我国海岸建筑退缩线退缩距离的综合评价指标体系,提出退缩距离的计算方法,并以秦皇岛沿岸为例划定海岸建筑退缩线。研究结果表明：海岸建筑退缩线退缩距离的综合评价指标体系包括海岸线类型、海岸线开发利用类型、海洋经济效益、防灾效果和生态环境质量5类影响因素以及16项主要指标;在确定退缩线起算基线、综合评价指标分级和退缩距离等级的基础上,海岸建筑退缩线退缩距离是随综合评价值的增大而敏感性增强的连续分段函数;在秦皇岛沿岸的27个岸段中,海岸建筑退缩线的退缩距离等级分布较广,最小和最大退缩距离分别为25 m和500 m,其中河口和基岩等岸线的退缩距离较小,旅游娱乐岸线的退缩距离基本为200～300 m,保护区岸线的退缩距离较大。     

乌东德水电站大坝防渗帷幕成幕影响地质因素分析及处理措施

灌浆工程为地下隐蔽工程,其地质条件约束着实际的现场施工工艺,且不同地质条件对应不同的岩石属性,并将直接影响着防渗帷幕的优化设计,同时地质条件分析不足也将给整个灌浆工程带来很多不确定的风险。目前,地质条件预测在隧洞开挖过程中的研究较充分,但在灌浆工程中地质因素的研究较少。本文以乌东德水电站大坝防渗帷幕工程为例,分析了对防渗帷幕成幕有影响的岩溶、角砾岩、断层、岩层走向与帷幕走向大角度相交及长大结构面等地质因素,并针对不同地质因素的特点,提出了采取浓浆回填、灌浆孔加密加深、灌浆压力及浆材动态调整等处理措施,为帷幕灌浆工程优化提供了必要支持。     

气候与土地利用变化对汉江流域径流的影响

作为联结大气圈和地圈的纽带,水文循环同时承受气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）的双重影响,然而大多数的水文响应研究主要关注未来气候变化对径流的影响,忽略了未来LUCC的作用。因此,本文的研究目的是评估未来气候变化和LUCC对径流的共同影响。首先采用2种全球气候模式（BCC-CSM1.1和BNU-ESM）输出,基于DBC降尺度模型得到未来气候变化情景;然后,利用CA-Markov模型预测未来LUCC情景;最后,通过设置不同的气候和LUCC情景组合,采用SWAT模型模拟汉江流域的未来径流过程,定量评估气候变化和LUCC对径流的影响。结果表明：① 未来时期汉江流域的年降水量、日最高、最低气温相较于基准期（1966—2005年）,在RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5浓度路径下,分别增加4.0%、1.8 ℃、1.6 ℃和3.7%、2.5 ℃、2.3 ℃;② 2010—2050年间,流域内林地和建设用地的面积占比将分别增加2.8%和1.2%,而耕地和草地面积占比将分别减少1.5%和2.5%;③ 与单一气候变化或LUCC情景相比,气候变化和LUCC共同影响下的径流变化幅度最大,在RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5浓度路径下未来时期年平均径流分别增加5.10%、2.67%,且气候变化对径流的影响显著大于LUCC。本文的研究结果将有助于维护未来气候变化和LUCC共同影响下汉江流域的水资源规划与管理。     

Starvation effects on pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus in natural seawater

To get a better understanding of the starvation survival strategy of pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus, log-phase cells were inoculated into sterile natural seawater for starvation studies. The results showed that all of total bacteria number, viable bacteria number and CFU number of V. alginolyticus increased remarkably at the initial starvation stage; after reaching their peaks at 5 d, both total bacteria number and viable bacteria number of V. alginolyticus fell slowly, while the CFU number fell more quickly after reaching its peak at 10 d; V. alginolyticus elongated their cells at the prophase of starvation, and then shrunk their volume and turned their shapes into ovals from rods at the anaphase of starvation; starved cells showed more sensitivity to heating and UV; starved cells showed no significant difference from unstarved ones at the lowest detection limit determined by indirect enzyme-linked immu- nosorbent assay （ELISA） ; starved cells＇ ability to adhere to the skin mucus of large yellow croaker （ Pseudosciaena crocea） showed a sharp decline as the starvation time increases; the cellular protein of V. alginolyticus increased remarkably at the ariaphase of starvation. The results indicated that pathogenic V. alginolyticus could survive in starvation for relatively long periods of time （ ≥2 months） in 28℃ natural seawater due to the morphological and physiological changes; however, starved V. alginolyticus cells showed less virulence and higher sensitivity under environmental stresses.     

Effect of hydraulic loading rate on the efficiency of effluent treatment in a recirculating puffer aquaculture system coupled with constructed wetlands

Constructed wetlands(CWs) were integrated into an indoor recirculating aquaculture system of obscure puffer(Takifugu obscurus) for effluent treatment. The effect of hydraulic loading rate(HLR) on the efficiency of effluent treatment by CWs was examined for over a month. The CWs were operated under brackish conditions(salinity 7.4–7.6) at 3 different HLRs(0.762, 0.633, and 0.458 m d–1) 3 times, 10 days each. Overall, the CWs exhibited high efficiency in removal of total ammonium nitrogen(by 81.03–92.81%) and nitrite nitrogen(by 99.40%–99.68%). The efficiency of CWs in removal of total ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorous, and total suspended solids(TSS) increased with the decrease of HLR. The CWs operated at the 3 HLRs in a decreasing trend proves to be effective, providing a useful method for effluent treatment in commercial puffer aquaculture systems.     

SPOT6遥感图像融合方法比较研究

SPOT6是2012年法国新发射的遥感卫星,具有空间分辨率高、数据采集能力强等特点,但目前在国土资源监管中,尚未形成完善的SPOT6数据处理技术体系。针对SPOT6卫星图像的特点,借助ENVI,ERDAS和PCI等遥感图像处理软件平台,选取相位恢复(Gram-Schmidt)变换法,高通滤波(HPF)法,超分辨率贝叶斯(Pansharp)法和Pan Sharpening法等4种图像融合方法进行融合对比实验,并从3个方面对融合效果进行了评价:首先对融合结果进行图像质量的定性评价;其次,构建了平均值、标准差、信息熵、平均梯度和相关系数等5个评价指标,对融合效果进行定量评价;最后,借助地物分类精度评价方法,进行了融合后图像的应用效果评价。分析结果表明,对于不同的应用要求,应选择不同的图像融合方法,以期达到最好的应用效果,从而为SPOT6图像在国土资源监管中的应用提供技术支持。