Hot stars in old stellar populations: a continuing need for intermediate ages

We present numerical investigations into the formation of massive stars from turbulent cores of density structure  ρ∝ r ^−1.5  . The results of five hydrodynamical simulations are described, following the collapse of the core, fragmentation and the formation of small clusters of protostars. We generate two different initial turbulent velocity fields corresponding to power-law spectra   P ∝ k ⁻⁴  and   P ∝ k ^−3.5  , and we apply two different initial core radii. Calculations are included for both completely isothermal collapse, and a non-isothermal equation of state above a critical density  (10⁻¹⁴ g cm⁻³)  . Our calculations reveal the preference of fragmentation over monolithic star formation in turbulent cores. Fragmentation was prevalent in all the isothermal cases. Although disc fragmentation was largely suppressed in the non-isothermal runs due to the small dynamic range between the initial density and the critical density, our results show that some fragmentation still persisted. This is inconsistent with previous suggestions that turbulent cores result in the formation of a single massive star. We conclude that turbulence cannot be measured as an isotropic pressure term.     

Sensitivity analysis of a deterministic water temperature model to forest canopy and soil temperature in Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick,Canada)

A coupled deterministic hydrological and water temperature model, CEQUEAU, was modified to include soil temperature and crown closure in its calculation of local advective terms in the heat budget. The modified model was than tested to verify its sensitivity to these modifications. An analysis of the heat budget of a small forested catchment in eastern Canada revealed that the advective term related to interflow plays a significant role in the daily water heat budget, providing on average 28% of the local advective budget (which also includes advective heat terms from surface runoff and groundwater) and nearly 14% of the total heat budget (which includes all radiative terms at the water surface, convection and evaporation, as well as the local advective terms). Relative sensitivity indices (RSIs) were used to verify the impact of the newly introduced parameters and variables. Among them, parameters related to the forest cover (crown closure and leaf area index) have a maximum RSI of ?0·6; i.e. a 100% increase in value produces a 60% decrease in the local advective term. Parameters with the greatest influence are the volume of water contributing to interflow and the amplitude of the net radiative flux at the soil surface, which, if doubled, would double the contribution of the local interflow advective term to the heat budget. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

La marge continentale au large de l'estérel (France) et les mouvements verticaux pliocènes

Sommaire La région étudiée s'étend au large du massif des Maures, du massif de l'Estérel, des chaînes calcaires provençales et de la bordure alpine (Figure 1). Cette partie de la marge continentale médíterranéenne a été étudiée dans l'optique de la géodynamique en appliquant un ensemble de méthodes géophysiques, géologiques, sédimentologiques et géochimiques.La Méditerranée est l'objet de nombreuses études générales et son histoire tectonique est encore très discutée. Les relations entre la zone centrale (zone A) et les massifs terrestres géologiquement bien connus peuvent aider à la compréhension du cadre structural. L'étude très détaillée présentée ici concerne la marge continentale au large de la Côte d'Azur. Une étude bathymétrique préliminaire avec des profils espacés d'un mille marin a permis de définir un plateau continental peu étendu, une pente continentale abrupte (10–20°) avec des blocs continentaux effondrés. De nombreux canyons empruntent des accidents anciens qui ont rejoué.Des profils en série de sismique continue (Sparker et air gun) ont permis de délimiter la zone A qui comporte de nombreux dômes, de suivre des accidents majeurs, et de montrer des phénomènes sédimentaires et de néotectonique très importants (glissements, effondrements). Ces profils ont été calés avec 50 carottages. Un effondrement de plus de 1000 m depuis le Pliocène a été mis en évidence.La structure profonde a été abordée avec une étude de magnétométrie marine. La synthèse des résultats de sismique réfraction, de gravimétrie et de magnétométrie fait apparître un bombement du manteau sous la zone A avec abaissement rapide de la discontinuité de Moho sous la marge, la présence de volcans enfouis au Sud d'Antibes et de grands accidents de direction NS et EW.L'intérêt de ces résultats a semblé suffisamment important pour qu'un point de cette zone soit proposé pour le programme de forage JOIDES en Méditerranée.

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This paper deals with the region off the Maures and Estérel Massifs, the Provence calcareous ranges and the Alpine border (Figure 1). This portion of the Mediterranean continental margin has been investigated with the classical methods used in the geosciences: geophysics, geology, sedimentology, geochemistry.Many general studies are dealing with the Mediterranean and its tectonical history is still controversial. The relationship between the central zone (zone A) and the geologically well-known land massifs could help in understanding the structural framework. The present detailed study concerns the continental margin off Côte d'Azur. A relatively narrow continental shelf, a steep continental slope (10–20°) with collapsed continental blocks are defined by preliminary bathymetric studies with a spacing of one nautical mile. Many submarine canyons follow former faults which have been rejuvenated.A series of seismic reflection profiles (sparker and air-gun) provide limits for zone A (with many domes), allow tracing major faults and display important sedimentary and neotectonic processes (sliding, foundering). These profiles have been scaled with 50 cores. Evidence is brought forward for a local subsidence of over 1000 m. The deep structure has been investigated with marine magnetic methods. The results from seismic refraction, gravity and magnetics show a swell of the mantle beneath zone A, with a steep dipping of the M discontinuity under the margin, buried volcanoes south of Antibes and great faults striking NS or EW.These results seem to be important enough to propose a place in this zone of the Mediterranean as a JOIDES drilling site.

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Maintenant au Centre Océanologique de Bretagne, B.P. 337, 29 Brest, France.     

A Compilation of Silicon,Rare Earth Element and Twenty‐One other Trace Element Concentrations in the Natural River Water Reference Material SLRS‐5 (NRC‐CNRC)

The natural river water certified reference material SLRS‐5 (NRC‐CNRC) was routinely analysed in this study for major and trace elements by ten French laboratories. Most of the measurements were made using ICP‐MS. Because no certified values are assigned by NRC‐CNRC for silicon and 35 trace element concentrations (rare earth elements, Ag, B, Bi, Cs, Ga, Ge, Li, Nb, P, Rb, Rh, Re, S, Sc, Sn, Th, Ti, Tl, W, Y and Zr), or for isotopic ratios, we provide a compilation of the concentrations and related uncertainties obtained by the participating laboratories. Strontium isotopic ratios are also given.     

Studying Resource-Dependent Communities Through a Social-Ecological Lens? Examining Complementarity with Existing Research Traditions in Canada

This article explores the suitability of Ostrom and colleagues' social-ecological systems framework (SESF) for the study of resource-dependent communities in Canada. Through a broad literature about resource-dependent communities in Canada, three main approaches are identified, named staples research, rural development, and sustainability studies. Each of these research traditions is analyzed with regards to a common set of criteria – focus, scale, methods, treatment of institutions, and treatment of environmental dimensions. Research in each category is compared and contrasted with the SESF approach, to identify areas of overlap and divergence. Results indicate that the SESF is unlikely to provide additional benefit in terms of in-depth of social analysis, however, it does provide a unique contribution in terms of its coupled approach to conceiving social and ecological systems and its ability to operationalize these relationships through structured variables.     

A review of jet grouting practice and development

The jet grouting technique was originally initiated in the UK and progressively developed following the needs for larger geometries, ease of implementation, economic rationality, and better mechanical properties. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the development and practice of jet grouting through some fundamental concepts and relevant case studies. Subsequently, a laboratory testing program is performed to investigate the factors affecting the efficacy of the twin grouting system. The principal objective of this study is to define the suitable conditions for the jet grouting efficacy regarding economic rationality as well as quality control. For the first phase, a particular emphasis is placed on the properties of jet columns, site geological conditions, implementation methods, and the justification of each selected treatment option, while the second phase mainly focuses on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. It follows that the mono-fluid jet grouting system presents a valuable flexibility in dealing with complex configurations; yet, the double- and triple-fluid systems are more indicated for cases of mass treatments for which large portions of space must be treated and overlapping is fundamentally important for the reliability of the treatment. Furthermore, it was established that the efficacy of the twin-jet method primarily relies on the proper adequacy of some critical parameters, namely, the cement content, the water-cement ratio, and cement slurry-water glass ratio. In spite of some uncertainties inherently related to the technique, the UCS test represents the quintessential laboratory index for evaluating the mechanical properties of grouted elements, deriving jet grouting efficacy and the economics of jet grouts.     

Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980�C2010 period

Several different inventories of global and regional anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions are assessed for the 1980?C2010 period. The species considered in this study are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and black carbon. The inventories considered include the ACCMIP historical emissions developed in support of the simulations for the IPCC AR5 assessment. Emissions for 2005 and 2010 from the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are also included. Large discrepancies between the global and regional emissions are identified, which shows that there is still no consensus on the best estimates for surface emissions of atmospheric compounds. At the global scale, anthropogenic emissions of CO, NO_x and SO₂ show the best agreement for most years, although agreement does not necessarily mean that uncertainty is low. The agreement is low for BC emissions, particularly in the period prior to 2000. The best consensus is for NO_x emissions for all periods and all regions, except for China, where emissions in 1980 and 1990 need to be better defined. Emissions of CO need better quantification in the USA and India for all periods; in Central Europe, the evolution of emissions during the past two decades needs to be better determined. The agreement between the different SO₂ emissions datasets is rather good for the USA, but better quantification is needed elsewhere, particularly for Central Europe, India and China. The comparisons performed in this study show that the use of RCP8.5 for the extension of the ACCMIP inventory beyond 2000 is reasonable, until more global or regional estimates become available. Concerning biomass burning emissions, most inventories agree within 50?C80%, depending on the year and season. The large differences between biomass burning inventories are due to differences in the estimates of burned areas from the different available products, as well as in the amount of biomass burned.