Wind and wind forces in a plantation spruce forest

Observations have been made of the tubulent structure within and above a dense (LAI=10.2) plantation spruce forest along with measurements of the movement of individual trees. The mean statistics of the turbulence and the turbulence spectra are compared with observations in other crops and complementary wind-tunnel studies using 175 scale plastic trees. The measurements show that momentum transport and the subsequent motion of the trees is dominated by intermittent sweep/ejection events associated with honami waves moving across the forest. The trees themselves act as forced damped harmonic oscillators and appear to short circuit the normal turbulent energy dissipation process by efficiently absorbing energy at their resonant frequencies. It is argued that understanding the nature and formation of honami waves over forests and crops is a crucial problem in agricultural and forest meteorology because of their important role both in turbulent transport and in causing wind damage.     

吉林台爆破料应力应变关系的三轴试验研究

通过室内大型三轴实验，研究了吉林台水库爆破料在不同级配下的应力应变关系，得到了在一定击实功下爆破料的最大干密度随细料含量变化的规律，分析了爆破料在不同级配和不同围压下应力与应变的变化规律、轴向应变与体积应变的关系及抗剪强度变化特性．从微观的角度说明了变化规律产生的原因，得出爆破料的抗剪强度随级配的变化而变化的规律．     

那曲地区植被NDVI时空变化及成因分析

利用GIS和遥感技术方法分析了2000—2014年那曲地区植被归一化指数(NDVI)的时空分布特征和变化趋势,探讨了NDVI与几种气象因子的关系。结果表明:空间上,研究区植被NDVI在空间上呈自西向东、自南向北逐步增大,高海拔地区小于低海拔地区的分布特点;时间上,近15a的NDVI总体上呈不显著性下降趋势,NDVI变化可以分为3个阶段,分别为2000—2005年较好,2006—2008年略差,2009—2014年好转。植被面积变化趋势表现为西北部植被处于稳定状态的面积居多,变化较明显的区域集中在中部和东南部地区的人口密集区,改善和退化区域呈现交错出现的特点。那曲地区植被变化的主要影响因素为降水量和热量因素引起的,人类活动在较短时间尺度上对植被也有较大影响。     

济阳坳陷四扣洼陷泥质岩裂缝储层预测研究

通过对济阳坳陷四扣洼陷及郭局子地区泥质岩储层的裂缝类型、识别特征进行的研究，认为影响本区裂缝发育程度的因素是区域构造应力及构造部位、岩性、岩相、岩层厚度、埋深及地层压力。并在此基础上建立了地质模型、力学模型和数学模型，运用三维有限元方法对四扣洼陷构造裂缝储层的分布进行了预测。通过预测，提出了研究区裂缝发育在平面上具有不均匀性、连片性差、与断层关系密切的特点，进一步指出了罗42－罗48井区等8个区带为裂缝发育的地区。这项研究不仅对研究区泥岩油气勘探，而且对济阳坳陷及类似地区的泥岩油气勘探有重要指导和启示意义。     

Measurements of stratospheric chlorine monoxide (ClO) from groudbased FTIR observations

Infrared absorption features due to ClO in the lower stratosphere have been identified from groundbased solar absorption spectra taken from Aberdeen, U.K. (57° N, 2° W) on 20 January 1995. A vertical column abundance of 3.42 (±0.47)×10¹⁵ molec cm^-2 has been derived from 13 independent absorption features in the P and R branches of the (0–1) vibration-rotation band of ³⁵ClO, spanning the spectral region 817–855 cm^-1. The observed absorption features are consistent with very high levels of ClO (approximately 2.6 parts per billion by volume (ppbv)) in the altitude range 16–22 km. A comparison of this profile with a 3D chemical transport model profile indicates the observation was made inside the polar vortex and shows good qualitative agreement but the model underestimates the concentrations of ClO. Simultaneous measurements of other species were made including HCl, HF and ClONO₂. These columns yield a value for HCl+ClONO₂+ClO of 7.02±0.65×10¹⁵ molec cm^-2. This is lower than the total inorganic chlorine (ClO _y ) column of 10.7±1.6×10¹⁵ molec cm^-2 estimated from mean measured (HCl+ClONO₂)/HF ratios together with in-vortex HF measurements. The discrepancy is probably due to significant amounts of the ClO dimer (Cl₂O₂) in the lower part of the stratosphere. The measurements of highly elevated levels of ClO are used to estimate O₃ loss rates at the 400, 475 and 550 K levels making assumptions about the probable distribution of ClO and Cl₂O₂. These are compared with loss rates derived from ozone sonde data.     

Ground-based FTIR Measurements with High Temporal Resolution

We outline how ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements of stratospheric trace species, obtained with high temporal resolution, could be used to detect filaments of polar vortex air at mid-latitudes and therefore test high spatial resolution chemical transport models (CTMs). Vertical column abundances of HCl, ClONO2, HNO3, N2O and HF have been obtained from FTIR solar absorption measurements made throughout the day from Aberdeen, UK (57°N, 2°W) on several days during winter/spring 1993/94 and 1994/95. The short-timescale ( 2 hours) variability observed in the columns is attributed to real atmospheric variations and is often associated with the passage of high latitude air over Aberdeen. This is confirmed by 3D modelling studies which qualitatively reproduce and rationalise the observed changes in the column data on January 19 1994, January 20 1995 and February 26 1995. We describe the viewing geometry of ground-based FTIR measurements and we suggest a measurement strategy which should maximise the information retrieved on horizontal gradients in stratospheric trace species columns from FTIR measurements.     

西藏南冈底斯叶巴火山弧的构造-地层属性及其演化

南冈底斯岩浆岩带出露的一套早—中侏罗世火山-沉积建造经历了多期构造变形,致使这套火山-沉积层序发生了强烈的面理置换,形成了典型的构造-岩石地层。依据造山带地层划分方法将叶巴火山弧厘定为叶巴岩群,并根据内部岩性组合特征和构造变形特征将其进一步划分为邦堆岩组、叶巴岩组、甲玛岩组。运用构造解析原理划分了3期构造变形事件。第一期构造变形为脆-韧性剪切变形,剪切方式为纯剪占优的一般剪切变形,透入性面理S₁普遍置换层理S₀(S₁∥S₀),伴生倾伏向85°~100°陡倾的拉伸线理,运动学指示顶面朝西运动,存在左行和右行两个方向的剪切旋转碎斑共存的现象;EBSD实验结果显示变形的温度≤380 ℃,石英颗粒细粒化明显,重结晶方式为亚颗粒旋转重结晶;⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年代学结果表明该期构造变形时代约为79 Ma,其可能代表新特提斯洋板片低角度(平板式)俯冲引起在弧后挤压背景下形成的挤出构造。第二期构造变形表现为S₁面理发生纵弯褶皱变形形成的轴面劈理S₂,轴面产状倾向北或南,倾角40°~70°,枢纽向西或北西西倾伏;结合区域地质演化特征,认为其可能是在晚白垩世(79~68 Ma)南北向持续的挤压应力条件下,南冈底斯弧后盆地整体向上挤出,引发上地壳缩短、加厚进而导致褶皱作用的发生。第三期主要为浅层次膝折构造和近东西向正断层,最大主压应力方向为铅直向,最小主压应力方向(伸展方向)为近南北向;结合区域构造演化特征,认为该期变形可能代表渐新世末—中新世初期(23.74~21.1 Ma),印度岩石圈或青藏高原岩石圈或两者组合的拆沉作用引起冈底斯岩基隆升(主要动力学机制)和GCT活动并共同作用导致近南北向伸展滑覆事件发生。