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1.
地震波传播算子的计算效率和精度是制约三维叠前深度偏移的关键因素. 广义屏传播算子(GSP, Generalized Screen Propagator)是一种在双域中实现的广角单程波传播算子. 这一方法略去了在非均匀体之间发生的交混回响,但它可以正确处理包括聚焦、衍射、折射和干涉在内的各种多次前向散射现象. 通过背景速度下的相移和扰动速度下的陡倾角校正,广义屏算子能够适应地层速度的强烈横向变化. 这种算子可以直接应用于炮集叠前偏移,通过将广义屏算子作用于双平方根方程,还可以获得一种高效率、高精度的炮检距域叠前深度偏移方法,用于二维共炮检距道集和三维共方位角道集的深度域成像. 本文首先简述了炮检距域广义屏传播算子的理论,进而讨论了共照射角成像(CAI, Common Angle Imaging)条件,由此给出各个不同照射角(炮检距射线参数)下的成像结果,进而得到共照射角像集. 由于照射角和炮检距的对应关系,共照射角像集又为偏移速度分析和AVO(振幅随炮检距变化)分析等提供了有力工具. 相似文献
2.
PM Ross RM Fairweather DP Culliford S Park CA Pilditch CN Battershill 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2016,50(1):56-69
ABSTRACTTo investigate the uptake and depuration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with the Rena oil spill we sampled the surf clam Paphies subtriangulata at two open coast locations (6?km apart) just prior to oil coming ashore (7 October 2011), then at 1–3 week intervals for the next 4 months. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (tPAH) increased at both sites from 1 to 96–124?µg?kg?1 (wet weight) by 18 October before declining to low levels (<4?µg?kg?1) by February 2012. Ongoing sampling throughout 2012–2014 included three additional sites to the north east (up to 30?km away) and a site 5?km to the south east revealing tPAH levels generally <10?µg?kg?1 except in October 2013 where levels ranged between 39–45?µg?kg?1 at all sites. A comparison of PAH component profiles with oil-contaminated beach sediment indicated that the high levels observed in surf clams between October–December 2011 were clearly associated with the Rena spill. However, the October 2013 peak had a PAH profile inconsistent with weathered Rena oil, suggesting an alternative source of contamination. Our results highlight the potential for P. subtriangulata as a PAH monitoring tool but recognise more study is needed to better quantify baseline levels and uptake and depuration dynamics. 相似文献
3.
ME Alexander CA Simon CL Griffiths K Peters S Sibanda S Miza 《African Journal of Marine Science》2016,38(1):141-144
Biological invasions continue to increase around the world, with impacts on many coastal marine systems. Here we review the South African marine invasion literature which, despite the field being relatively new, has grown to have significant presence in both the local and international arenas. Of the 79 papers reviewed, 70% focused on the establishment and spread of alien species, with modes of transport and introduction largely overlooked. An emphasis was also apparent towards field studies, in particular survey work, with few experimental studies. The overwhelming majority of papers focused on a single species, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, reflecting the scale of this invasion and the tractable nature of rocky shores as study systems. With the exception of this one species, the impacts of marine alien species have rarely been quantified. We suggest that future research extends the taxonomic coverage of present work and develops a better understanding of the mechanisms of introduction, establishment and spread of marine alien species. Through an experimental approach, the drivers of altered ecological patterns and processes resulting from invasions should be addressed, providing insight into associated impacts. This approach will maintain the local applicability and international relevance of South African marine invasion research. 相似文献
4.
Understanding the impact of past climatic changes on landscape stability is crucial in order to predict and mitigate the effects of future changes. However, in arid and semi‐arid environments, reconstructions are often hampered by a poor understanding of the relationship between sediment deposition and climate. We present here data from central Texas, a region that is sensitive to environmental change but has received relatively little attention. The study integrates a chronology of 29 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from six sedimentary sites in a range of depositional contexts with a 19 000 a climate record derived from pollen extracted from the adjacent Boriack Bog. By comparing the two records, we aimed to assess the relationship between climate change and geomorphic activity. Data show that extensive aeolian and colluvial deposition occurred during the mid to late Holocene, with sedimentation generally increasing during more arid phases. However, a number of depositional events on slopes were associated with moister episodes, and sediment was also deposited in a summit setting immediately after phases of increased precipitation. Linkages between climate change and geomorphic response were therefore complex, being controlled by both sediment supply and transport energy. The climatic fluctuations identified in the Boriack Bog record highlight the sensitivity of central Texas to environmental change, while disparities in conditions recorded between it and other palaeoenvironmental sites in the southern USA emphasise the need for further work in order to enhance understanding of landscape sedimentary response to climate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
Arenites in the low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Stirling-Barren Group, Western Australia, contain discrete spaced cleavages. These in part are pure white mica, but up to 30% of the cleavage zones consists of fine-grained quartz resulting from crystal plastic deformation. A modified Gresens analysis shows that the cleavage domains formed by a 50% volume loss associated primarily with SiO2 and MgO concentration decreases of 58% and 37%, respectively, and a 12% decrease in Fe2 O3 . Mössbauer spectroscopy shows that the Fe2+ : Fe3+ ratio from lithon to cleavage changed from 50:SO to 15:85. This substantial difference cannot be accounted for by loss of iron. The data are best explained by the focusing of a highly oxidizing fluid through the cleavage domains where volumetric fluid rock ratios around 150 to 1 are indicated. In this example advectic processes appear to be important in low-grade regional metamorphism. 相似文献
6.
A novel scenario for Maunder minimum-like grand minima epochs of reduced solar activity is proposed, based on diffusive coupling
between both solar hemispheres, each susceptible to stochastically-driven intermittent behavior. After introducing cross-hemispheric
coupling into a well-validated reduced model of the solar cycle based on the Babcock–Leighton mechanism for poloidal field
regeneration, simulations are presented demonstrating that even weak coupling can lead to a high degree of synchronicity between
the two hemispheres. This is in qualitative agreement with the similar onset and recovery times of sunspot activity at and
around the Maunder minimum. Moreover, even weak coupling manages to greatly reduce the frequency and duration of quiescent
episodes, again in qualitative agreement with the relative paucity of grand minima in the sunspot and radioisotope records. 相似文献
7.
提出了连排钢管混凝土柱带钢板耗能键组合剪力墙,它由钢管混凝土连排柱、柱间钢板耗能键、钢板耗能键外包混凝土条带三种单元组合而成。进行了4个不同设计参数试件的低周反复荷载试验研究。分析了各试件的承载力、刚度及其退化过程、滞回特性、延性和破坏特征,探讨了分灾耗能机制。研究表明:连排钢管混凝土柱带钢板耗能键组合剪力墙,承载力较大,后期刚度较稳定;混凝土条带在开裂与闭合过程中消耗地震能量,钢板耗能键通过弯剪变形消耗地震能量,钢管与混凝土条带共同工作协同耗能,具有良好的抗震耗能机制;这种新型组合剪力墙具有较强综合抗震耗能能力。 相似文献
8.
新疆巴什布拉克地区有机地球化学特征及其对铀成矿的控制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
巴什布拉克铀矿床是新疆典型的与地沥青有关的砂岩型铀矿床。研究该矿床油气有机质来源、演化程度及后期降解过程,有助于深入解读原生红层在油气二次还原条件下的铀富集机理。本文针对该区铀矿化与油气密切相关的特点,采集了钻孔中具明显油浸的铀矿化砂岩和砾岩进行提取物分析。通过对提取物氯仿沥青“A”及其族组成和饱和烃气相色谱分析可见,有机质正构烷烃主峰碳为C17、C18、C20、C24和C25;(C21+C22)/(C28+C29)为0.58~12.17;Pr/Ph为0.40~1.47;Ts/Tm为1.3~16.1,高含量的系列重排藿烷化合物和“V”型甾烷分布,显示该区油气有机质主要来源于中下侏罗统湖相沉积。OEP为1.04~1.14,深部样品的OEP<1.0;C-21/C+22为0.18~2.11,指示局部烃源岩可能受到热改造提前进入生油门限,导致矿区深部浸入的油气有机质演化程度较高。早期浸入的油气有机质饱和烃气相色谱基线呈上飘“鼓包”状突出,Pr/nC17为0.6~0.9,Ph/nC18为0.8~11.98,表明受到氧化和微生物降解作用,在此过程中铀发生沉淀和富集。铀矿化主要受油气氧化和降解产物地沥青分布范围控制。 相似文献
9.
Xiangfang Zeng Zhongwen Zhan Yong Zheng Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory School of Earth Space Sciences University of Science Technology of China China Seismological Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA CAS Key Laboratory of Dynamical Geodesy 《地震学报(英文版)》2011,(2):143-150
Estimated Green’s function (EGF) between stations has been extracted from ambient seismic noise, direct surface wave and coda waves. It is also confirmed by laboratory experiments on ultrasonics and theoretical derivations assuming diffusive wave field, equi-partition of modes or random sources on an enclosed surface. This method provides a new approach to study the crust and mantle structure at regional scale, continental scale and global scale. Following the achievements with seismometer records, the reco... 相似文献
10.