Origin of magnetite in oxidized CV chondrites: in situ measurement of oxygen isotope compositions of Allende magnetite and olivine

Magnetite in the oxidized CV chondrite Allende mainly occurs as spherical nodules in porphyritic-olivine (PO) chondrules, where it is associated with Ni-rich metal and/or sulfides. To help constrain the origin of the magnetite, we measured oxygen isotopic compositions of magnetite and coexisting olivine grains in PO chondrules of Allende by an in situ ion microprobe technique. Five magnetite nodules form a relatively tight cluster in oxygen isotopic composition with delta 18O values from -4.8 to -7.1% and delta 17O values from -2.9 to -6.3%. Seven coexisting olivine grains have oxygen isotopic compositions from -0.9 to -6.3% in delta 18O and from -4.6 to -7.9% in delta 17O. The delta 17O values of the magnetite and coexisting olivine do not overlap; they range from -0.4 to -2.6%, and from -4.0 to -5.7%, respectively. Thus, the magnetite is not in isotopic equilibrium with the olivine in PO chondrules, implying that it formed after the chondrule formation. The delta 17O of the magnetite is somewhat more negative than estimates for the ambient solar nebula gas. We infer that the magnetite formed on the parent asteroid by oxidation of metal by H2O which had previously experienced minor O isotope exchange with fine-grained silicates.     

Characteristics of an urban fish assemblage: distribution of fish associated with coastal marinas

In the marine environment, artificial structures are not, in general, managed for their value as habitat and are often built with no a priori expectation as to the assemblages which may colonise them. It may, however, become increasingly important to consider the value of such structures as habitat when decisions are made with respect to the management of artificial structures. This study investigates the role marinas play as habitat for fish by examining the distribution of fish associated with these urban developments and how this distribution relates to the physical characteristics of marinas. Assemblages of fish associated with marinas in waterways around Sydney were sampled in August and December 2002 and May 2003. Counts were done around structures present at marinas, i.e. pontoons and pilings and in the open water immediately adjacent to these structures. Within marinas, spatial patterns were particular to the types of fish examined. Large mobile species, such as Acanthopagrus australis and Girella tricuspidata, moved between structures and the open water between them. Smaller species, such as Trachinops taeniatus and Microcanthus strigatus, were found only in the immediate vicinity of these structures. At a larger spatial scale, assemblages of fish varied markedly between different marinas. This variability could not, however, be attributed to the depth of water, the age or size of marinas, nor the type of material with which marinas were constructed (i.e. pontoons or jetties).     

印度孟买岸外西部陆架淹没沙脊：晚更新世—全新世海平面变化的证据

印度孟买岸外西部陆架淹没沙脊——晚更新世—全新世海平面变化的证据ＷａｇｌｅＢ．Ｇ等１．背景研究区位于印度西部陆架１７°２０′Ｎ—１９°３０′Ｎ范围内，这里的陆架宽度＞３００ｋｍ，坡折出现在水深８０—１２５ｍ之间，地形上，内陆架以平坦地形为特征，微向西...     

Reykjanes海岭以下热点产生浮流的地震证据

在过去的５５Ｍａ期间冰岛的大量火山被认为是由于高温地幔羽的存在 ,使得与大西洋洋中脊（ＭＡＲ）海底扩张有关的减压熔融增强而造成的。尽管地幔羽对海岭的冲击在冰岛海台是最强的 ,但大量的观测表明沿冰岛南部ＭＡＲ的扩张及与其相关的火山受热点的影响而发生了改变。特别是缓慢扩张的ＲＲ比典型的ＭＡＲ要热 ,Ｒｅｙｋｊａｎｅｓ海岭处的海底非常浅 ,地形非常光滑 ,缺乏典型的缓慢扩张中心所具有的割裂和轴谷 ,而且地壳异常厚。此外 ,沿Ｒｅｙｋｊａｎｅｓ海岭喷发的玄武岩的地球化学表明 ,它是冰岛地幔羽源和大西洋洋中脊源的混合。这…     

Global geographic differences in marine metals toxicity

Biochemical reaction rates, metabolic rates, and other rates of biological activity increase exponentially with temperature. It has thus been hypothesized that toxicity to chemical contaminants may increase from polar to temperate to tropical species; however, until recently, polar data to test this hypothesis were not available. This study examined differences in the acute sensitivities of marine invertebrates to four metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb) for polar, temperate and tropical species; data deficiencies for polar regions prohibited comparisons using chronic end-points or other chemicals. Differences between the three geographic regions were not predictable based on temperature (other factors such as differences in dissolved organic carbon concentrations also affect toxicity). There appears to be no universal, predictable pattern of increased toxicity from polar to tropical regions. Toxicity data from one geographic region will not be universally protective of other regions.     

洋中脊地幔熔岩上涌的地球物理模型

岩浆的上涌会沿反块扩张轴形成新的洋壳。这一现象似乎不只发生在扩张轴下面的狭窄地带。确切地说,熔融物质分布在宽度与深度均超过１００ｋｍ的区域范围内。此外,熔融带位于快速运动板块轴下方一侧的中部。