Evaluating the effects of catch-and-release angling on Cape stumpnose Rhabdosargus holubi in a South African estuary

Fisheries managers are increasingly promoting catch-and-release (C&R) to manage recreationally angled fish stocks. Despite this, there is a scarcity of information on the effects of C&R on estuarine-dependent species. Cape stumpnose Rhabdosargus holubi dominates the recreational fisheries catch and provides an important source of food for subsistence fishers in some temperate South African estuaries. The health and survival of R. holubi exposed to a C&R event was investigated by examining their physiological stress response (blood glucose and lactate), reflex impairment (reflex action mortality predictors [RAMP]) and short-term (12-hour) survival. Fish were captured and exposed to one of three air-exposure treatments: 0 s, 30 s or 90 s. Stress and health were measured either immediately (immediate) or one hour after (delayed) the C&R event. There was no significant difference in blood glucose between air-exposure treatments, but there was a significant difference between the mean immediate and delayed glucose levels within each treatment (F_(2,143) = 81.8, p < 0.01). In contrast, blood lactate level was significantly higher in the 90-s treatment (p < 0.05). Immediate blood lactate levels were significantly lower than the delayed samples for each treatment (F = 4.29, p = 0.02; n = 169). Although all fish exhibited at least one reflex impairment, the RAMP score was significantly higher in the 90-s air-exposure treatment (H_(2,86) = 9.73, p = 0.007). Also, RAMP scores were significantly lower in the delayed samples (p < 0.01). Although short-term mortality was relatively low (2.3%) for this species, it was highest in the 90-s treatment (7%). These results suggest that physiological stress is higher when R. holubi are exposed to longer periods of air exposure and that the physiological stress of fish subject to a C&R event is best measured after a delay.     

SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO ENHANCEMENT IN SEISMIC MULTIFOLD DATA USING BAYESIAN STATISTICS*

Bayesian statistics are applied to the problem of signal-to-noise ratio enhancement from a common-midpoint gather. By maximizing the a posteriori probability distribution of the gather with respect to the minimum-offset trace and suppressing multiples via a semblance criterion, a statistically biased stack is formed with signal-to-noise ratio comparable to that of the usual stack while preserving the resolution and registration of the original noisy trace. Application of the algorithm to real data reveals geologically significant features which are indistinct in the standard stacked section.     

波西米亚块体西部长周期电磁研究(英文)

在波西米亚块体西南部做了一条长周期电磁剖面 ,它靠近德国超深钻的位置。用一个二维合成模型对数据做了大体的拟合 ,模型走向东西 ,近地表盖层高度地不均匀畸变。畸变层显示强烈的各向异性 ,优势电导方向为NW -SE至NNW -SSE。讨论了深部区域结构的几个不同的模型 ,其中一个模型可以解释由MT和GDS数据显示的主方向的偏差 ,还讨论了沿特别剖面得到的结果与区域地电结构的关系     

天坑释义

天坑是一种特大型塌陷漏斗,它的演化包括大型洞穴厅堂的洞顶崩塌和大型暗河对大量崩塌块石的搬运.天坑这个术语,首先在中国使用,随后成为世界性的喀斯特词汇.     

Excursion guide 12: Yellowstone

The National Park at Yellowstone contains more than half the world's active geysers. Lying mostly in Wyoming, its host of geothermal features and fresh volcanic rocks offers an incomparable experience for any visiting geologist.     

Very large landslides in the Himalayas

Landslides are a major component of geomorphological processes on the steep slopes of the Himalayan mountains. Three slides in the Annapurna region demonstrate a sequence from large to very large failures.     

关于“峰丛”、“峰林”与“锥状喀斯特”及“塔状喀斯特”涵义的比较和认识

“峰丛”和“峰林”是在中文文献中使用的两种主要的喀斯特地貌术语。而在其他国家,这两种地貌通常被定义为“锥状喀斯特”和“塔状喀斯特”,但峰丛、峰林与锥状喀斯特、塔状喀斯特并不完全相同。中国喀斯特分布广泛,本文把西方和中国的喀斯特专业术语连接起来,能让西方地貌学家更好地了解中国的喀斯特。本文是朱学稳教授近期发表于《中国岩溶》第28卷第2期上的 “我国峰林喀斯特的苦干问题讨论”论文的英文附加篇。 峰丛喀斯特地貌遍及贵州省及其临近省份大部分地区,其锥体石山较爪哇、牙买加和菲律宾群岛的更高更陡。尽管后者为西方所熟知,但贵州的峰丛可以说是峰丛和锥状喀斯特的典型代表。不过广西的峰林仅在中国以外东南亚的小部分地区可以看见。许多被西方认为是塔状喀斯特的地貌并非真正的峰林。问题产生的原因在于西方学者通过山体形状来区分锥状喀斯特和塔状喀斯特,而中国的学者是根据石峰之间是否存在喀斯特平原来区分峰林和峰丛。 峰丛喀斯特是一种发育成熟的石灰岩地貌,具有深厚的包气带、完整的地下排泄系统,以及发育时间长并免遭更新代冰川破坏的山体形貌。峰林喀斯特是一种极端地貌,仅在横向夷平持续时间比较长的特定环境中形成。峰林形成条件是:（1）石灰岩质纯;（2) 石灰岩层厚;（3）喀斯特平原上有冲积层发育;（4）地下水位变化幅度不大;（5）冲积平原有外源沉积物的流入补充;（6）缓慢构造抬升与喀斯特平原表面剥蚀相适应;（7）具有使石灰岩快速溶蚀的炎热湿润气候;（8）周围喀斯特平原下降时,地面蚀低和石灰岩山体边坡后退平衡。如果构造条件合适的话,峰丛可以演化为峰林。但如果有其他因素起作用,峰林和峰丛似乎可以并行发育。二者的起源仍然备受争论,并且峰林的起源恐怕是多种的。建议国际学术文献中应更加广泛地应用“峰丛”和“峰林”术语,“锥状喀斯特”和“塔状喀斯特”则主要用于对形态方面的描述。      

Kailas: geology of a sacred mountain

Standing isolated on the barren Tibetan Plateau, the gleaming white snow-clad pyramid of Mount Kailas is a remnant of massive conglomerates formed within the Himalayan orogeny. Reached by an approach walk through the Himalayas in western Nepal, the circuit of Kailas on the pilgrims' kora path offers some views of the impressively exposed geology.     

中国以外的世界天坑概览

就中国以外已发现的26个天坑的特征和成因进行了一般性的描述和讨论.此外,对其它类型的一些特大型塌陷漏斗也与天坑进行了比较.